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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias01:29

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per...
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Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias01:30

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that range from benign to life-threatening. A thorough evaluation is crucial for appropriate management and involves a comprehensive medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests.Medical HistorySymptoms: Collect detailed information on palpitations, dizziness, syncope, chest pain, and fatigue. Note their onset, frequency, and triggers.Previous Cardiac Issues: Document any history of heart...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification01:25

Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification

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Cardiomyopathy, or CMP, is a group of diseases affecting the myocardial structure, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. This condition can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death.Cardiomyopathies are classified into primary and secondary categories:Primary Cardiomyopathy refers to conditions involving only the heart muscle that are often idiopathic (of unknown cause) or genetic. They primarily affect the myocardium without the involvement of other systemic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
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Atrial fibrillation from the pathologist's perspective.

Domenico Corradi1

  • 1Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological, and Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.), Unit of Pathology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.

Cardiovascular Pathology : the Official Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology
|January 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) involves irregular heart rhythms and is linked to serious health issues. Recent research highlights structural and genetic factors in AF, offering new insights into its development and treatment.

Keywords:
Atrial fibrillationCardiomyocyteFibrosisGeneticsStructural remodelingUpstream therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiac Electrophysiology
  • Molecular Cardiology

Background:

  • Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia linked to high morbidity and mortality.
  • Historically viewed as functional, AF is now recognized to have structural underpinnings.
  • Pulmonary veins and surrounding atrial myocardium are key sites for AF initiation and maintenance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the structural and genetic bases of atrial fibrillation.
  • To explore the classification, pathogenesis, and clinical implications of AF-related structural remodeling.
  • To elucidate the pathogenetic vicious circle involving AF and myocardial structural changes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent mapping and imaging techniques.
  • Morphological analysis of myocardial tissue in AF patients.
  • Synthesis of current literature on AF pathogenesis and genetics.

Main Results:

  • Identification of specific atrial regions (e.g., pulmonary veins) crucial for AF.
  • Demonstration of significant structural remodeling in these myocardial sites.
  • Understanding of how AF induces and is sustained by structural changes, forming a vicious cycle.

Conclusions:

  • Structural remodeling is integral to AF pathogenesis, not just a consequence.
  • Genetic factors likely contribute to individual susceptibility and disease progression.
  • This knowledge advances understanding of AF natural history and informs treatment strategies.