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Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic microorganisms that confer health benefits by modulating the gut microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex microbial ecosystem, and the balance of this microbiota is crucial for digestive and systemic health. Among the most extensively studied and utilized probiotics are species formerly classified within the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These organisms not only naturally colonize the human gut but are also consumed through...
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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within...
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Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and molds are instrumental in fermenting plant-based foods to enhance preservation and ensure year-round availability. These microbial processes convert plant carbohydrates into organic acids and other metabolites that inhibit spoilage organisms and contribute to the sensory qualities of the final product.In sauerkraut production, cabbage goes through a microbial succession that starts with cocci such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides. These microbes begin fermentation by...
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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Microbial fermentation is central to food biotechnology, enhancing flavor, texture, preservation, and stability. Fermentative microorganisms metabolize carbohydrates into organic acids, alcohols, and other metabolites that inhibit spoilage organisms and improve digestibility while contributing distinctive sensory qualities.In baking, amylases naturally present in flour hydrolyze starch into monosaccharides such as glucose, which Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferments anaerobically. Through...
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Probiotics for human lactational mastitis.

L Fernández1, R Arroyo2, I Espinosa3

  • 1Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain Probisearch SL, C/ Santiago Grisolía 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain.

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The human milk microbiome is diverse and impacts infant and mammary health. Mammary dysbiosis can cause mastitis, but probiotics show promise for treatment.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Health
  • Lactation Biology

Background:

  • The human milk microbiome is a complex ecosystem with greater diversity than previously understood.
  • This microbiome plays a crucial role in infant development and maternal mammary health.
  • Mammary dysbiosis, linked to various factors, is a primary cause of mastitis and early infant weaning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the implications of the human milk microbiome on infant and mammary health.
  • To investigate the role of mammary dysbiosis in mastitis development and treatment challenges.
  • To highlight the potential of probiotic-based strategies for mastitis management.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques to analyze the human milk microbiota.
  • Examined bacterial characteristics contributing to mastitis, including antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation.
  • Evaluated the efficacy of selected lactobacilli strains from breast milk for mastitis treatment.

Main Results:

  • Human milk harbors a highly diverse microbiota with significant health implications.
  • Bacterial agents in mastitis exhibit multiresistance to antibiotics and immune evasion mechanisms.
  • Selected lactobacilli strains from breast milk demonstrated high efficacy in mastitis treatment.

Conclusions:

  • The human milk microbiome is vital for infant and maternal health.
  • Mammary dysbiosis contributes to antibiotic-resistant mastitis, complicating treatment.
  • Probiotics, particularly specific lactobacilli strains from breast milk, offer a promising therapeutic avenue for mastitis.