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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

15.2K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions and Effect of Intermolecular Forces
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Osteogenesis imperfecta in adults.

Nick J Bishop, Jennifer S Walsh

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    |January 28, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This case study discusses treatment options for a woman with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). It explores pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies to manage bone health and prevent fractures in adults with this genetic disorder.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Genetics
    • Orthopedics

    Background:

    • A 42-year-old woman with a history of multiple fractures due to osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) presented with concerns about her current bone health.
    • She experienced numerous childhood fractures, recurrent ankle fractures in adolescence, and a humerus fracture in adulthood.
    • Her bone mineral density T-scores were -2.6 at the lumbar spine and -1.9 at the total hip, with evidence of vertebral endplate deformities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review and outline available pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies for preserving skeletal health and function in adult patients with osteogenesis imperfecta.
    • To address the patient's concerns regarding future bone health and fracture risk.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of current treatment guidelines and research for osteogenesis imperfecta in adults.
    • Clinical assessment of the patient's bone mineral density, fracture history, and physical examination findings.
    • Evaluation of potential therapeutic interventions, including bisphosphonates and other bone-modifying agents, as well as nonpharmacological approaches like physical therapy and fall prevention.

    Main Results:

    • Osteogenesis imperfecta management in adults requires a multidisciplinary approach.
    • Pharmacological options, such as bisphosphonates, are crucial for reducing fracture risk and improving bone density.
    • Nonpharmacological strategies, including tailored exercise programs and fall prevention measures, are essential for maintaining function and quality of life.

    Conclusions:

    • Adults with osteogenesis imperfecta benefit from ongoing specialized care to manage their condition.
    • A combination of pharmacotherapy and personalized nonpharmacological interventions can significantly improve skeletal health and functional outcomes.
    • Addressing patient concerns and providing comprehensive management strategies are key to preventing further skeletal deterioration.