Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Dosage Regimen: Individualization01:24

Dosage Regimen: Individualization

398
Individualization in dosing regimens is the customization of medication doses for individual patients. Its necessity arises from the goal of maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks. This approach is pivotal because human responses to drugs can vary widely; what is effective for one person may be inadequate or excessive for another. Interpatient (intersubject) variability refers to differences in drug responses between individuals, while intrapatient (intrasubject) variability...
398
Dosage Regimens: Designs and Approaches01:28

Dosage Regimens: Designs and Approaches

600
Designing a dosage regimen, which refers to the manner of drug administration, is a complex process involving the selection of drug dose, route, and frequency. This process is underpinned by pharmacokinetic parameters derived from tests and population averages. These parameters are then tailored to patient-specific variables such as diagnosis, demographics, and allergy status. Once therapy commences, therapeutic response monitoring is critical and achieved through clinical and physical...
600
Dosage Regimen: Multiple Oral Dosage01:25

Dosage Regimen: Multiple Oral Dosage

507
Understanding how a drug's concentration fluctuates within the body over time is crucial in pharmacokinetics, particularly with multiple oral doses. A graphical representation of multiple oral dosages provides insight into these dynamics. Typical accumulation curves of a drug's concentration in the body reveal a sawtooth pattern, indicating periodic peaks and troughs correlating with each dose administration and the drug's subsequent elimination.The plasma concentration at any time during an...
507
Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters01:01

Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters

363
It is not uncommon for complete drug pharmacokinetic profiles to remain elusive in pharmacokinetics. This necessitates certain educated assumptions by pharmacokineticists to determine appropriate dosage regimens without comprehensive pharmacokinetic data from animal or human studies. One prevalent assumption is setting the bioavailability factor, denoted as F, to 1 or 100%. This assumption caters to the scenario where a drug doesn't achieve full systemic absorption, resulting in the patient...
363
Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Loading and Maintenance Doses01:25

Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Loading and Maintenance Doses

394
A loading dose is an essential pharmacological strategy to rapidly achieve the target plasma drug concentration necessary for an immediate therapeutic effect. This approach is especially critical for drugs characterized by slow absorption or extended half-lives, where delaying therapeutic plasma levels could compromise treatment outcomes. By administering a loading dose, clinicians ensure a prompt onset of drug action, even for agents with complex pharmacokinetic profiles.Achieving steady-state...
394
Dosage Regimen Designs: Nomograms and Tabulations01:23

Dosage Regimen Designs: Nomograms and Tabulations

353
Nomograms and tabulations are vital tools used by clinicians to design accurate and individualized dosage regimens. These instruments provide a straightforward method for adjusting dosages based on individual patient characteristics, including age, weight, and physiological condition. The foundation of a drug's nomogram is population pharmacokinetic data collected and analyzed using specific models. This data simplifies complex equations, presenting them diagrammatically or tabularly for easy...
353

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Model-Based Meta-Analysis of Objective Response Rate and Survival Endpoints to Compare PD-1 and PD-L1 Treatment Outcomes in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology·2026
Same author

Levels of aripiprazole in the blood with an injection of aripiprazole administered once every two months: a plain language summary of publication.

Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology·2026
Same author

Estimating optimal dynamic treatment regimes with Gaussian process emulation.

Biometrics·2026
Same author

Comparing intraclass correlation coefficient estimators for binary outcomes in sample size calculations in twin pregnancies.

Annals of epidemiology·2025
Same author

Joint mixed-effects models for causal inference in clustered network-based observational studies.

Statistical methods in medical research·2025
Same author

Two-stage Bayesian network meta-analysis of individualized treatment rules for multiple treatments with siloed data.

Statistical methods in medical research·2025
Same journal

A statistical evaluation of decision-making methods and the efficiency of Bayesian multi-arm multi-stage trials.

Clinical trials (London, England)·2026
Same journal

Accounting for non-adherence: A re-analysis of the Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results trial.

Clinical trials (London, England)·2026
Same journal

Phase I design for partially ordered groups with late-onset toxicity.

Clinical trials (London, England)·2026
Same journal

Adaptive trial design and interim decision-making using incomplete longitudinal measurements: Methods and application to myasthenia gravis.

Clinical trials (London, England)·2026
Same journal

Covariate adjustment in randomized clinical trials: From general theory to practical insights.

Clinical trials (London, England)·2026
Same journal

Estimating clinical trial hazard functions.

Clinical trials (London, England)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index
06:55

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index

Published on: January 8, 2020

14.3K

Simulating sequential multiple assignment randomized trials to generate optimal personalized warfarin dosing

Benjamin Rich1, Erica Em Moodie2, David A Stephens3

  • 1Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Clinical Trials (London, England)
|January 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Simulations can guide personalized dosing strategies in complex trials. This approach, using warfarin as a case study, improves simulated patient outcomes by tailoring treatment based on individual characteristics.

More Related Videos

A Workflow for Lipid Nanoparticle LNP Formulation Optimization using Designed Mixture-Process Experiments and Self-Validated Ensemble Models SVEM
13:54

A Workflow for Lipid Nanoparticle LNP Formulation Optimization using Designed Mixture-Process Experiments and Self-Validated Ensemble Models SVEM

Published on: August 18, 2023

6.4K
A Data Integration Workflow to Identify Drug Combinations Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions
07:40

A Data Integration Workflow to Identify Drug Combinations Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions

Published on: May 27, 2021

3.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 3, 2026

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index
06:55

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index

Published on: January 8, 2020

14.3K
A Workflow for Lipid Nanoparticle LNP Formulation Optimization using Designed Mixture-Process Experiments and Self-Validated Ensemble Models SVEM
13:54

A Workflow for Lipid Nanoparticle LNP Formulation Optimization using Designed Mixture-Process Experiments and Self-Validated Ensemble Models SVEM

Published on: August 18, 2023

6.4K
A Data Integration Workflow to Identify Drug Combinations Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions
07:40

A Data Integration Workflow to Identify Drug Combinations Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions

Published on: May 27, 2021

3.4K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacometrics
  • Clinical Trial Design
  • Personalized Medicine

Background:

  • Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trials (SMARTs) are complex and costly.
  • Pre-defining personalized dosing regimens is desirable to optimize study efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and evaluate a simulation-based approach for studying personalized dosing strategies.
  • To use warfarin dosing as a case study due to its well-understood pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
  • To explore personalized dosing within a simulated SMART with multiple intervention points.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated realistic Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trials (SMARTs).
  • Employed G-estimation and Q-learning for analyzing personalized dosing strategies.
  • Utilized pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models to generate patient profiles.

Main Results:

  • G-estimation demonstrated promise in estimating optimal dosing strategies, especially with complex non-linear mechanisms.
  • Simulations improved patient outcomes and identified key characteristics for tailoring warfarin dosage.
  • Optimal dosing relies on current INR, last INR, and last dose, outperforming strategies based solely on current INR and last dose.

Conclusions:

  • Simulation-based approaches are valuable for guiding the evaluation of personalized dosing strategies before conducting complex trials.
  • The efficacy of this simulation method depends on accurate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models.
  • This approach is most suitable for therapeutic agents with extensively studied effects.