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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

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Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component...
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Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

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Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins...
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Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial...
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Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this...
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Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

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Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

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Pulsatile scalp swelling.

Susanta Kumar Das1, Anadi Nath Acharya2, Debashis Bhattacharya3

  • 1Department of General Surgery, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal India ; 1a/3a/1, Hazra Bagan Lane, Kolkata, 700015 West Bengal India.

The Indian Journal of Surgery
|January 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Follicular thyroid carcinoma rarely spreads to the skull. This case highlights a unique presentation of intracranial extension causing a pulsatile scalp mass, emphasizing the need for vigilance in metastatic disease.

Keywords:
Follicular carcinoma thyroidSkull metastasis

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Follicular thyroid carcinoma typically metastasizes via hematogenous spread.
  • Distant metastases from follicular thyroid carcinoma can occur in various sites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report an unusual case of skull metastasis from follicular thyroid carcinoma.
  • To describe the intracranial extension and presentation of this metastasis.

Main Methods:

  • Case report presentation.
  • Review of relevant literature on thyroid cancer metastasis.

Main Results:

  • A patient with follicular thyroid carcinoma developed a metastasis to the skull with intracranial extension.
  • The metastasis presented clinically as a pulsatile scalp swelling.

Conclusions:

  • Skull metastasis with intracranial extension is a rare but possible complication of follicular thyroid carcinoma.
  • This presentation underscores the diverse metastatic potential of follicular thyroid carcinoma.