Dual-biomimetic superhydrophobic electrospun polystyrene nanofibrous membranes for membrane distillation

A new type of dual-biomimetic hierarchically rough polystyrene (PS) superhydrophobic micro/nano-fibrous membrane was fabricated via a one-step electrospinning technique at various polymer concentrations from 15 to 30 wt %. The obtained micro/nano-fibers exhibited a nanopapillose, nanoporous, and microgrooved surface morphology that originated from mimicking the micro/nanoscale hierarchical structures of lotus leaf and silver ragwort leaf, respectively. Superhydrophobicity and high porosity of such resultant electrospun nanofibrous membranes make them attractive candidates for membrane distillation (MD) application with low energy water recovery. In this study, two kinds of optimized PS nanofibrous membranes with different thicknesses were applied for desalination via direct contact MD. The membranes maintained a high and stable permeate water vapor flux (104.8 ± 4.9 kg/m(2)·h, 20 g/L NaCl salt feed for a thinner PS nanofibrous membrane with thickness of 60 μm; 51 ± 4.5 kg/m(2)·h, 35 g/L NaCl salt feed for the thicker sample with thickness of 120 μm; ΔT = 50 °C) for a test period of 10 h without remarkable membrane pores wetting detected. These results were better than those of typical commercial polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) MD membranes or related PVDF nanofibrous membranes reported in literature, suggesting excellent competency of PS nanofibrous membranes for MD applications.