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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Movements

Anatomical Movements

Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...

Hierarchy of Motor Control

Hierarchy of Motor Control

The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.

Muscle Coordination and Action

Muscle Coordination and Action

Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement....

Method of Joints: Problem Solving II

Method of Joints: Problem Solving II

Consider a truss structure with frictionless joints fixed to a wall and roller support. If a force of 150 N is applied to joint A, the forces in each member of the truss can be determined using the method of joints.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Exergaming in Older People Living with HIV Improves Balance, Mobility and Ameliorates Some Aspects of Frailty

Exergaming in Older People Living with HIV Improves Balance, Mobility and Ameliorates Some Aspects of Frailty

Published on: October 6, 2016

Interlimb practice and aging: coding a simple movement sequence.

Stefan Panzer¹, Nicole Gruetzmacher, Thomas Ellenbürger

¹a Human Movement Sciences , Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany.

Experimental Aging Research

|January 29, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Aging affects how we learn movement sequences. Younger adults rely more on motor coding for learning, while older adults do not show the same preference, impacting retention.

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The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

Published on: May 3, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Motor Control
Human Aging Research

Background:

Understanding how the brain codes movement sequences is crucial for cognitive and motor neuroscience.
Aging is associated with changes in neural plasticity and motor learning capabilities.
The specific coordinate systems (visual-spatial vs. motor) used in movement sequence acquisition and their age-dependency are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether aging influences the way simple spatial-temporal movement sequences are encoded.
To determine if the coordinate system (visual-spatial or motor) used for coding movement sequences interacts with age.

Main Methods:

An interlimb practice paradigm was employed with 24 participants, divided into young adults (23-29 years) and old adults (65-78 years).
Participants practiced a movement sequence over two days, maintaining either consistent visual-spatial or motor coordinates.
Retention of the learned sequence was assessed on Day 3 through two tests corresponding to the practice days.

Main Results:

Younger adults demonstrated superior retention when motor coordinates were kept consistent during the acquisition phase.
Older adults did not show a significant difference in retention based on whether visual-spatial or motor coordinates were maintained.

Conclusions:

Motor coding plays a dominant role in the acquisition of simple movement sequences for younger adults.
This motor coding advantage appears diminished or absent in older adults, suggesting an age-related shift in movement sequence learning strategies.