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Related Concept Videos

Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
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The masseteric nerve: a versatile power source in facial animation techniques.

B Bianchi1, A Ferri1, S Ferrari1

  • 1Maxillo-Facial Surgery Division (Head: Professor Enrico Sesenna), Head and Neck Department, University Hospital of Parma, Italy.

The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
|January 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The masseteric nerve offers a reliable option for facial reanimation surgery, achieving successful reinnervation in all patients. This technique is effective for various facial palsies, including recent, established, and congenital cases.

Keywords:
Bilateral facial palsyFacial palsyFacial reanimationMasseteric nerveSmile surgeryUnilateral facial palsy

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Facial Nerve Surgery

Background:

  • The masseteric nerve is a viable donor for facial reanimation due to its advantages like low morbidity and strong motor impulse.
  • It has been utilized for neuromuscular transplant reinnervation and treating recent facial palsies with positive outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To retrospectively evaluate the efficacy and outcomes of facial animation procedures using the masseteric nerve over a 10-year period.
  • To assess the success rates, reinnervation times, and functional/cosmetic results in patients with diverse facial palsies.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 60 patients undergoing facial animation procedures with the masseteric nerve.
  • Procedures included masseteric nerve coaptation with the facial nerve, combined with cross-facial nerve grafting, or reinnervation of gracilis neuromuscular transplants.
  • Evaluation of reinnervation success, time to reinnervation, and both functional (mastication, smile) and cosmetic outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Successful reinnervation was achieved in all 60 patients.
  • Mean reinnervation time was 4 months for facial nerve coaptation and 4 months for neuromuscular transplants.
  • Excellent or good cosmetic outcomes were reported in 50 patients (83%), with all patients achieving a smile independent of biting and no impairment of masticatory function.

Conclusions:

  • The masseteric nerve is a versatile and effective option for facial reanimation in recent, established, and congenital facial palsies.
  • Combined techniques utilizing the masseteric nerve yield excellent results, particularly in unilateral palsies, establishing it as a primary treatment consideration.