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Related Concept Videos

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
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Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

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Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes01:05

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
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Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes01:05

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Spatial and Temporal Control of Murine Melanoma Initiation from Mutant Melanocyte Stem Cells
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Spatial and Temporal Control of Murine Melanoma Initiation from Mutant Melanocyte Stem Cells

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Oncogenes in melanoma: an update.

Manfred Kunz1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.

European Journal of Cell Biology
|January 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Discover new oncogenes driving melanoma beyond BRAF, NRAS, and KIT. High-throughput sequencing identifies novel candidates like MAPK1/2, ERBB4, and RAC1, offering potential for personalized metastatic melanoma treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Melanoma is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis in its metastatic stage.
  • Well-known oncogenes like BRAF, NRAS, and KIT are implicated in melanoma development.
  • Targeting BRAF mutations improves survival, but recurrences highlight the need to identify additional oncogenes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review established melanoma oncogenes.
  • To highlight novel oncogene candidates identified through high-throughput DNA sequencing.
  • To discuss the potential of these new findings for future melanoma therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent high-throughput DNA sequencing studies in melanoma.
  • Analysis of identified oncogene candidates and their proposed roles.
Keywords:
GeneticsMolecular biologyMutationsTumour

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  • Discussion of in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence for functional relevance.

    • Main Results:

    • Identification of new potential oncogenes including MAPK1/2, ERBB4, GRIN2A, GRM3, RAC1, and PREX2.
    • Established oncogenes BRAF, NRAS, and KIT are key players in melanoma.
    • Some new candidates show functional relevance in preliminary experiments.

    Conclusions:

    • High-throughput sequencing is expanding our understanding of the melanoma mutational landscape.
    • Newly identified oncogenes may drive therapeutic resistance and disease progression.
    • These novel candidates hold promise for developing more individualized treatment strategies for metastatic melanoma.