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Related Concept Videos

Phloem and Sugar Transport02:02

Phloem and Sugar Transport

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Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.
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Plant Tissues01:18

Plant Tissues

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Plants are multicellular eukaryotes with tissue systems made of various cell types that carry out specific functions. Different tissues work together to perform a unique function and form an organ. Organs working together form organ systems. Vascular plants have two distinct organ systems: a shoot system and a root system. The shoot system consists of two portions: the vegetative (non-reproductive) parts of the plant, such as the leaves and the stems, and the reproductive parts of the plant,...
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The Apoplast and Symplast01:46

The Apoplast and Symplast

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Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...
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Plant Cells and Tissues02:01

Plant Cells and Tissues

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Plant tissues are collections of similar cells performing related functions. Different plant tissues will have their own specialized roles and can be combined with other tissues to form organs such as flowers, fruit, stem, and leaves. Two major types of plant tissue include meristematic and permanent tissue.
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Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources02:03

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

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The xylem of vascular plants distributes water and dissolved minerals that are taken up by the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that transport xylem sap are dead upon maturity, and the movement of xylem sap is a passive process.
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Plasmodesmata02:32

Plasmodesmata

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The organs in a multicellular organism’s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Using High Resolution Computed Tomography to Visualize the Three Dimensional Structure and Function of Plant Vasculature
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Using High Resolution Computed Tomography to Visualize the Three Dimensional Structure and Function of Plant Vasculature

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The three-dimensional structure of primary phloem systems.

R Aloni1, T Sachs

  • 1Department of Botany, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.

Planta
|January 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary

A new staining method allows direct observation of plant phloem in thick samples. This technique revealed common phloem anastomoses, suggesting roles in lateral transport and upward movement of plant nutrients.

Area of Science:

  • Plant anatomy
  • Botany
  • Vascular biology

Background:

  • Observing the intricate phloem network in plants is crucial for understanding nutrient transport.
  • Thick plant tissues often pose challenges for direct visualization of vascular structures.
  • Existing methods may not adequately reveal the fine ramifications of the phloem.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and present a novel staining technique for enhanced phloem visualization.
  • To investigate the prevalence and structure of phloem anastomoses in various plant species.
  • To elucidate the potential functional significance of observed phloem connections.

Main Methods:

  • A clearing technique using lactic acid.
  • Staining the phloem with lacmoid dye.

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Collection and Analysis of Arabidopsis Phloem Exudates Using the EDTA-facilitated Method
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Collection and Analysis of Arabidopsis Phloem Exudates Using the EDTA-facilitated Method

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  • Direct observation of stained phloem in a sodium lactate medium.
  • Microscopic examination of thick plant stem preparations.

    • Main Results:

    • A reliable method for staining and observing phloem ramifications in thick plant tissues was established.
    • Phloem anastomoses between primary vascular strands were frequently observed in stem internodes of 18 out of 26 studied plant species.
    • The identified anastomoses represent potential pathways for lateral material distribution within the stem.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed staining method effectively visualizes complex phloem structures.
    • Phloem anastomoses are a common feature in plant stems, indicating significant vascular connectivity.
    • These connections likely play a vital role in the lateral transport of water and nutrients, including upward movement of assimilates from leaves.