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Related Concept Videos

Phases of Wound Repair01:28

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Following injury, the integrity of the injured tissues must be reestablished. For example, in skin tissue, wound repair involves coordination among resident skin cells, blood mononuclear cells, extracellular matrix, growth factors, and cytokines to complete the healing cascade.
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Healing I: Introduction01:11

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Healing is the physiological process by which the body restores the integrity and function of damaged tissues following injury. It involves a coordinated interplay of cellular proliferation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and growth factor signaling. The extent and nature of the tissue damage determine whether healing occurs by resolution, regeneration, or replacement.ResolutionResolution represents the most complete form of healing, occurring when the injury is minimal and tissue...
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Regeneration and repair processes are critical in healing damages caused by injury, disease, and aging. In regeneration, the damaged tissue is entirely replaced with new growth that restores the original architecture and function. In contrast, tissue repair usually results in a fixed tissue architecture involving scar formation. Scars generally do not reestablish tissue function and may also exhibit structural abnormalities at the injury site.
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Complications during healing arise when tissue repair is altered by local or systemic factors. These changes involve abnormal collagen deposition, altered biomechanics, and reduced vascular supply, impairing restoration of normal structure and function.Loss of FunctionScar tissue differs significantly from the original tissue it replaces. In the skin, fibrosis lacks adnexal structures such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Their absence reduces tactile sensitivity, impairs...
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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
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Updated: May 3, 2026

Assessment of Acute Wound Healing using the Dorsal Subcutaneous Polyvinyl Alcohol Sponge Implantation and Excisional Tail Skin Wound Models.
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Wound healing: part I. Basic science.

Jeffrey E Janis1, Bridget Harrison

  • 1Colombus, Ohio; and Dallas, Texas From the Department of Plastic Surgery, Ohio State University Medical Center; and Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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Summary

This article reviews normal wound healing physiology, differences across tissues, factors affecting healing, and optimal wound closure techniques. Understanding these elements helps plastic surgeons improve patient outcomes and potentially avoid further surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Tissue repair and regeneration
  • Surgical outcomes and patient management

Background:

  • Wound healing is a complex biological process critical for tissue repair.
  • Variations in healing exist across different tissue types, including skin, bone, cartilage, and tendon.
  • Factors influencing wound healing can significantly impact recovery and surgical success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the physiological events in normal wound healing.
  • To differentiate healing processes in various connective tissues.
  • To identify impediments to wound healing and methods for optimal wound closure.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physiological events in wound healing.
  • Comparative analysis of healing in skin, bone, cartilage, and tendon.
  • Identification of factors affecting wound healing.
  • Description of optimal wound closure techniques.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of the stages of normal wound healing.
  • Explanation of distinct healing characteristics of skin, bone, cartilage, and tendon.
  • Enumeration of factors that can delay or impair wound healing.
  • Guidance on best practices for wound closure.

Conclusions:

  • A thorough understanding of wound healing physiology and its impediments is essential for plastic surgeons.
  • Optimizing wound healing can enhance postoperative outcomes and reduce the need for additional interventions.
  • This review provides evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice in wound management.