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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

2.8K
Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Magnetism01:30

Magnetism

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Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Types Of Superconductors01:28

Types Of Superconductors

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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
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Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
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Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
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Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition
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New permanent magnets; manganese compounds.

J M D Coey

    Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
    |January 29, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    The maximum energy product of permanent magnets has stalled. Research should focus on developing cost-effective alternatives like manganese-based hard magnetic materials with energy products between 100-300 kJ m(-3).

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Solid State Physics
    • Magnetism

    Background:

    • The permanent magnet market is dominated by Neodymium-Iron-Boron (Nd2Fe14B) and Barium/Strontium-Ferrite (Ba(Sr)Fe12O19).
    • The theoretical maximum energy product of Nd2Fe14B (515 kJ m(-3)) significantly exceeds that of Ba(Sr)Fe12O19 (45 kJ m(-3)).
    • Performance improvements in Nd-Fe-B magnets have plateaued, necessitating exploration of new materials.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify and discuss potential alternative hard magnetic materials beyond optimized Nd-Fe-B.
    • To explore manganese-based compounds as candidates for next-generation permanent magnets.
    • To target an energy product range of 100-300 kJ m(-3) for new magnetic materials.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review and analysis of existing manganese-based compounds.

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  • Evaluation of magnetic properties based on crystal structures (L10, D022, B81).
  • Theoretical assessment of energy product potential for Mn-based materials.

    • Main Results:

    • Current permanent magnet technology faces limitations in energy product growth.
    • Manganese-based compounds with specific crystal structures show promise for hard magnetic applications.
    • The discussed Mn-based materials could potentially fill the gap for magnets with energy products in the 100-300 kJ m(-3) range.

    Conclusions:

    • Further research into manganese-based hard magnetic materials is warranted.
    • Developing cost-effective alternatives with intermediate energy products is crucial for market needs.
    • Exploring L10, D022, and B81 structured Mn-compounds offers a viable research direction.