Penetrating maxillary sinus injury caused by a construction nail passing through the orbital cavity

Because of its anatomic position, the orbit is frequently subject to trauma, leading to functional and cosmetic problems. After blunt trauma, orbital fractures can cause functional problems by trapping the periocular tissues without affecting the anatomic integrity of the globe. In comparison, high-energy penetrating injuries can cause serious consequences such as disrupting the lacrimal drainage system and causing loss of vision. In rare cases, however, penetration of the orbit by a foreign body can result in a treatable injury that causes no functional or cosmetic problems.This article presents a patient in whom a nail penetrated the orbit from the inferomedial margin and reached the maxillary sinus without damaging the globe, extraocular muscles, or lacrimal duct system. Reports of similar injuries are reviewed, focusing on the anatomic structures that might be traumatized, to guide the readers in considering the diagnosis and treatment of such injuries.