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Yeasts are single-celled organisms, but unlike bacteria, they are eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus). Cell signaling in yeast is similar to signaling in other eukaryotic cells. A ligand, such as a protein or a small molecule released from a yeast cell, attaches to a receptor on the cell surface. The binding stimulates second-messenger kinases to activate or inactivate transcription factors that further regulate gene expression. Many of the yeast intracellular signaling cascades have similar...
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The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
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Assay for Adhesion and Agar Invasion in S. cerevisiae
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Yeast as a model for Ras signalling.

Renata Tisi1, Fiorella Belotti, Enzo Martegani

  • 1Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|January 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Yeasts are valuable for biotechnology and studying cellular processes. Their Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway is crucial for metabolism, growth, and virulence, making them ideal for investigating Ras-like proteins.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Yeasts are established hosts for biotechnology, offering genetic tractability and eukaryotic post-translational modifications.
  • Yeast models have been instrumental in dissecting fundamental cellular processes like cell cycle, aging, and stress response.
  • The Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway in *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* regulates metabolism, growth, and stress adaptation in response to nutrients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the continued utility of yeasts in scientific research.
  • To underscore the role of the Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway in yeast biology and virulence.
  • To emphasize yeast's potential as a model system for studying Ras-like proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraging yeast's genetic manipulability for pathway analysis.

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  • Utilizing yeast as a system to study heterologous Ras-like protein variants.
  • Investigating the Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway's function in *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*.

    • Main Results:

    • The Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway controls key cellular functions including metabolism, growth, and proliferation.
    • Ras signaling is implicated as a critical factor in the virulence of pathogenic yeasts.
    • Yeasts serve as effective models for understanding basic cellular mechanisms and protein functions.

    Conclusions:

    • Yeasts remain indispensable tools in biotechnology and fundamental biological research.
    • The Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway is a conserved signaling module with significant roles in yeast physiology and pathogenesis.
    • Further investigation in yeast can elucidate the function of Ras-like proteins in diverse organisms.