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Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers
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Human immunodeficiency virus and its effects on the visual system.

Michael W Stewart1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA.

Infectious Disease Reports
|January 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Ophthalmologic conditions in AIDS patients have shifted from cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis to HIV-related issues and immune reconstitution uveitis. Early HIV testing is crucial for unexplained eye problems, as they may signal infection or treatment failure.

Keywords:
AIDSHIVeyeretina.vision

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The early AIDS epidemic saw high rates of blindness from cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis.
  • Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) significantly reduced CMV retinitis incidence.
  • Current vision loss in AIDS patients is increasingly due to HIV-related conditions and immune reconstitution uveitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolving spectrum of ocular manifestations in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
  • To highlight the importance of recognizing HIV-related ophthalmopathies and their potential as early disease indicators.
  • To inform physicians about the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of these ocular conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ocular complications in HIV/AIDS.
  • Analysis of the impact of HAART on the incidence of opportunistic infections.
  • Discussion of direct HIV effects on ocular structures and emerging conditions.

Main Results:

  • CMV retinitis, while still a cause of vision loss, is no longer the predominant ocular issue in AIDS.
  • HIV directly causes vascular abnormalities, uveitis, retinitis, optic neuropathy, and eye movement disorders.
  • Immune reconstitution uveitis and other HIV-related conditions now account for the majority of vision loss.

Conclusions:

  • Ophthalmologic findings can be the initial presentation of HIV infection or indicate HAART failure.
  • HIV testing should be considered in patients with unexplained ophthalmologic conditions and risk factors for AIDS.
  • Physicians must be aware of anti-retroviral therapy's potential ocular side effects, including asymptomatic deposits and degenerative changes.