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Related Concept Videos

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

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Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

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Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
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Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:27

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Postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those supplying the sweat glands) releasing noradrenaline or norepinephrine are called noradrenergic or adrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, or epinephrine are collectively called "catecholamines" as they contain a catechol moiety and an amine side chain. The five stages of neurotransmitter release involve their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism.
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Updated: May 3, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Pheochromocytoma: a review.

A Tsirlin1, Y Oo1, R Sharma1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States.

Maturitas
|January 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Pheochromocytomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors producing excess catecholamines. Early diagnosis and surgical resection are key for managing this condition, which can be linked to genetic syndromes.

Keywords:
Adrenal glandCatecholaminesParagangliomaPheochromocytoma

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Pheochromocytomas are neuroendocrine tumors originating from adrenal or extra-adrenal tissues.
  • These tumors lead to excessive catecholamine production, causing symptoms like headache, palpitations, and anxiety.
  • The condition affects all ages equally but may present earlier in individuals with hereditary syndromes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of pheochromocytoma.
  • To detail the symptomatology, diagnostic approaches, genetic associations, and management strategies.
  • To enhance understanding of this rare neuroendocrine tumor.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on symptomatology, diagnosis, genetics, and treatment.
  • Discussion of diagnostic tools including biochemical assays and imaging (CT, MRI).
  • Exploration of the role of genetic syndromes like MEN 2, NF, and VHL.

Main Results:

  • Classic symptoms include headache, palpitations, anxiety, and diaphoresis.
  • Diagnosis relies on biochemical confirmation of hormonal excess and anatomical localization.
  • Surgical resection remains the primary therapeutic approach.

Conclusions:

  • Pheochromocytoma diagnosis requires a multi-faceted approach combining clinical, biochemical, and imaging data.
  • Understanding genetic predispositions is crucial for early detection and management.
  • Effective management hinges on timely diagnosis and surgical intervention.