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Stem Cell Niche01:26

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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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The adherens junctions that anchor cells together are multi-protein complexes that dynamically adapt to mechanical stimuli such as tensile forces and shear stress. Mechanosensory proteins in these junctions can sense such mechanical stimuli and undergo a shift in their conformation, resulting in an altered function — a process called mechanotransduction.
α-Catenin as a Mechanosensory Protein
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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Tenascins in stem cell niches.

Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann1, Gertraud Orend2, Matthias Chiquet3

  • 1Friedrich Miescher Institute of Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Maulbeerstrasse 66 CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland.

Matrix Biology : Journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology
|January 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Tenascins, extracellular matrix proteins, are crucial for regulating stem cell niches. This review explores their roles in tissue development, homeostasis, and disease, particularly in cancer progression.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Tenascins are extracellular matrix proteins with dynamic expression.
  • They influence tissue formation, cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.
  • These functions are vital for stem cell niche regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the expression and functions of tenascins.
  • To examine tenascin roles in various stem cell niches.
  • To understand tenascin involvement in development, homeostasis, and cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of tenascin expression and function.
  • Analysis of knockout phenotypes.
  • Synthesis of data across different stem cell niches.

Main Results:

  • Tenascins play key roles in neural, epithelial, and osteogenic stem cell niches.
  • They are involved in hematopoietic and pro-inflammatory niches.
  • Tenascin functions are implicated in the metastatic niche during cancer progression.

Conclusions:

  • Tenascins are critical regulators in diverse stem cell niches.
  • Their functions extend from normal development to disease.
  • Understanding tenascins offers insights into tissue regeneration and cancer metastasis.