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Related Concept Videos

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Measurement of Fluid Pressure

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Fluid pressure is commonly measured using devices called manometers, which rely on liquid columns to indicate pressure differences. The height of a liquid column in a manometer reflects the pressure exerted by the fluid, providing a simple yet effective means of measurement. Different types of manometers serve specific purposes based on their configurations and the type of fluids involved.
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Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

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Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
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Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest01:11

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In a fluid at rest, the pressure at any point beneath the fluid surface depends solely on the depth, not on the container's shape or size. This principle, known as hydrostatic pressure, arises because, in stationary fluids, there is no acceleration, meaning the forces within the fluid balance out. Only vertical forces, caused by the weight of the fluid above, contribute to pressure changes with depth.
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Hydrostatic Pressure Force on a Curved Surface01:04

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Hydrostatic pressure on curved surfaces is a fundamental concept in fluid mechanics with broad applications in the civil engineering field. When fluid is in contact with a curved surface, as in a reservoir, dam, or storage tank, it exerts pressure that varies in magnitude and direction along the curved surface. To assess the total hydrostatic force exerted by the fluid on a curved structure, engineers typically isolate the fluid volume adjacent to the surface and analyze the forces acting on...
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The intensity of sound waves can be related to displacement and pressure amplitudes by using their wave expressions and the definition of intensity. The critical step to achieve this is to write the power delivered by the particles on the wave as the product of force and velocity and simplify the force per unit area as the pressure. The velocity of the medium's particles can be derived from the displacement.
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Author Spotlight: A Stable Phantom Material for Optical and Acoustic Imaging
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Lorentz-force hydrophone characterization.

Pol Grasland-Mongrain, Jean-Martial Mari, Bruno Gilles

    IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
    |January 30, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a Lorentz-force hydrophone using a vibrating wire in a magnetic field. The compact prototype demonstrates a 1 MHz frequency response and excellent linearity for high-pressure ultrasound measurements.

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    Area of Science:

    • Acoustics
    • Transducer Technology
    • Physics

    Background:

    • Lorentz-force hydrophones utilize a wire in a magnetic field to detect ultrasound.
    • Previous hydrodynamic models require refinement for practical applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Introduce and characterize a compact Lorentz-force hydrophone prototype.
    • Refine the existing hydrodynamic model for improved accuracy.
    • Evaluate the hydrophone's performance for high-pressure ultrasound applications.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a compact Lorentz-force hydrophone prototype.
    • Characterized its performance using varying ultrasound pulse amplitudes and angles.
    • Refined a hydrodynamic model to correlate with experimental data.
    • Tested linearity, frequency response, directional sensitivity, and cavitation resistance.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a 1 MHz frequency response with wire diameters of 70-400 μm.
    • Demonstrated signal linearity across a wide pressure range (50 kPa to 10 MPa).
    • Observed a directional response within ±20° (±3 dB variation).
    • Confirmed negligible effect of wire tension on pressure measurement and excellent cavitation resistance.

    Conclusions:

    • The compact Lorentz-force hydrophone is suitable for high-pressure ultrasound measurements.
    • The refined model accurately predicts hydrophone behavior.
    • The device shows promise for applications like high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and challenging environments.