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Vaccinations01:51

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Influenza01:27

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Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Vaccine Production01:23

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Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
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Influenza vaccines: unmet needs and recent developments.

Ji Yun Noh1, Woo Joo Kim2

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Asian Pacific Influenza Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Infection & Chemotherapy
|January 30, 2014
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Summary

Influenza vaccines are key for public health but have limitations, especially for older adults. This review covers current vaccine challenges and new developments to improve influenza prevention.

Keywords:
Influenza VaccinesInfluenza, HumanPandemics

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Influenza remains a significant global health issue.
  • Trivalent influenza vaccines, introduced in 1978, are the primary prevention method.
  • Current vaccines offer moderate efficacy but face challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the unmet medical needs of existing influenza vaccines.
  • To describe recent advancements in influenza vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current influenza vaccine technology.
  • Analysis of vaccine efficacy, production, and limitations.
  • Overview of emerging influenza vaccine research.

Main Results:

  • Current vaccines show reduced efficacy in older adults.
  • Production is dependent on egg supply and is time-consuming.
  • Significant unmet needs exist for improved influenza vaccines.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need for more effective influenza vaccines, particularly for vulnerable populations.
  • Ongoing research and development are crucial for addressing current vaccine limitations.
  • Advancements aim to improve efficacy, manufacturing, and accessibility.