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Related Concept Videos

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

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Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
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Protein Transport to the Thylakoids01:22

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Thylakoids are membrane-bound sac-like structures within the chloroplast that serve as sites for photosynthesis. Thylakoid lumen contains many electron transport proteins and is enclosed by a thylakoid membrane rich in the light-harvesting complex. Proteins targeted to the thylakoids are transported as precursors and are sorted by the general TOC/TIC import pathway. Once the precursor reaches the stroma, stromal processing peptidases remove their transit signal and expose thylakoid signal...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane01:11

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Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
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Protein Transport to the Stroma01:24

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Chloroplasts are triple membrane structures with an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a thylakoid membrane, each containing distinct metabolite transporters, membrane translocons, and enzymes. Appropriate sorting and translocating these proteins to their correct membrane systems is essential for chloroplast function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients
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Cytoplasmic particles in Tropaeolum majus.

T S Ie1

  • 1Laboratory of Virology, State Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Planta
|January 31, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Solitary bodies, unique structures in Tropaeolum majus cells, were investigated. These bodies exhibit cytoplasmic inheritance, passed down only from the mother plant.

Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Cell biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Solitary (S) bodies are observed in the cytoplasm of Tropaeolum majus cells.
  • The presence and distribution of these S bodies vary among different cultivars.
  • Their biological nature and function remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the morphology and distribution of Solitary (S) bodies in Tropaeolum majus.
  • To investigate the potential viral nature of S bodies.
  • To determine the mode of inheritance of S bodies in Tropaeolum majus.

Main Methods:

  • Microscopic observation of S bodies in various tissues and organs.
  • Mechanical inoculation and grafting experiments to assess transmissibility.
  • Reciprocal crosses between S body-containing and S body-lacking plant lines.

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Main Results:

  • S bodies are nearly spherical (approx. 60 nm) with a tail-like appendage (90-150 nm x 16 nm).
  • Transmission studies ruled out a viral etiology for S bodies.
  • Reciprocal crosses indicated that S bodies are maternally inherited via the cytoplasm.

Conclusions:

  • S bodies are a distinct cytoplasmic feature in Tropaeolum majus.
  • Their inheritance pattern is exclusively maternal, suggesting cytoplasmic genetic control.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise nature and function of S bodies.