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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Therapeutic Effectiveness of a Dietary Supplement for Management of Halitosis in Dogs
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Halitosis: A frequently ignored social condition.

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Halitosis, or bad breath, affects one-third of the population. While often caused by oral hygiene issues, it can also signal systemic diseases, requiring proper diagnosis and treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Internal Medicine
  • Biomarkers

Background:

  • Halitosis (bad breath) is a prevalent condition affecting a significant portion of the population.
  • Causes are predominantly intraoral (90%), but extraoral factors (10%) linked to systemic diseases and medications are also relevant.
  • Halitosis can serve as a crucial biomarker for underlying systemic health issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the etiology and management of halitosis.
  • To highlight the role of halitosis as a potential indicator of systemic diseases.
  • To discuss diagnostic methods and treatment strategies for halitosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of halitosis causes, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • Discussion of diagnostic tools including organoleptic examination, gas chromatography, and portable sulfide monitors.
  • Analysis of management strategies for both oral and extraoral halitosis.

Main Results:

  • Most halitosis cases originate from the oral cavity, often manageable with improved oral hygiene.
  • Extraoral halitosis, though less common, may indicate serious systemic conditions.
  • Effective measurement techniques exist for quantifying halitosis severity.

Conclusions:

  • Good oral hygiene, including twice-daily brushing and tongue cleaning, resolves most halitosis cases.
  • Antimicrobial oral rinses are effective for non-respondents to basic hygiene.
  • Extraoral halitosis necessitates thorough medical investigation and targeted treatment.