Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory

1.0K
Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus:...
1.0K
Cochran's Q Test01:17

Cochran's Q Test

1.2K
Cochran's Q Test is a nonparametric statistical test used to determine if there are potential differences in the outcomes of three or more related groups on a binary (yes/no) or dichotomous outcome. It is essentially an extension of the McNemar Test, which is limited to two related samples - Cochran's Q test can handle three or more related samples, making it more versatile in scenarios where subjects are measured under multiple conditions. The test statistic follows a Chi-Square...
1.2K
Social Proof00:52

Social Proof

24.9K
Social proof is a form of persuasion based on comparison and conformity. People compare their behavior and actions to what others are doing and will change to conform to do what their peers do.
24.9K
Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence01:16

Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence

6.3K
The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are:
H0: The two variables (factors)...
6.3K
McNemar's Test01:23

McNemar's Test

1.0K
McNemar's Test is a nonparametric statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference in proportions between two related groups when the outcome is binary (e.g., yes/no, success/failure). It is beneficial when we have paired data, such as pre-test/post-test designs, where the same subjects are measured under two different conditions. The test is named after the statistician Quinn McNemar, who introduced it in 1947. It is commonly used in situations where subjects are...
1.0K
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

10.5K
While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
10.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The structural and the photoelectrochemical properties of ZnO-ZnS/ITO 1D hetero-junctions prepared by tandem electrodeposition and surface sulfidation: on the material processing limits.

RSC advances·2022
Same author

Hemorrhage risk with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) insertion at the main portal vein bifurcation with stent grafts.

Diagnostic and interventional imaging·2017
Same author

STABILIZING SELECTION AND VARIANCE IN FIG WASP SEX RATIOS.

Evolution; international journal of organic evolution·2017
Same author

Signalling of information that is neither cryptic nor private.

Journal of evolutionary biology·2017
Same author

Bacteriocins and the assembly of natural Pseudomonas fluorescens populations.

Journal of evolutionary biology·2016
Same author

The fitness burden imposed by synthesising quorum sensing signals.

Scientific reports·2016

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

2.1K

An experimental test of whether cheating is context dependent.

M Ghoul1, S A West1, S P Diggle2

  • 1Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|February 1, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Cheating in microbial populations is complex; whether a microbe is a cheat depends on the social and environmental context, not just its cooperative trait expression.

Keywords:
cheatingcooperationmicrobessocial evolution

More Related Videos

Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task
06:08

Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task

Published on: July 22, 2025

1.2K
A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats
09:28

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Published on: May 6, 2021

5.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 3, 2026

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

2.1K
Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task
06:08

Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task

Published on: July 22, 2025

1.2K
A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats
09:28

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Published on: May 6, 2021

5.1K

Area of Science:

  • Microbial Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Social Behavior in Microorganisms

Background:

  • Cooperative behaviors in microbial populations are crucial for survival but can be undermined by cheaters.
  • Previous studies suggested population-level selection favors cheating, creating a paradox.
  • This paradox arises from a narrow definition of cheating based solely on trait expression, ignoring social costs and benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the definition of cheating in microbial populations.
  • To determine if cheating is solely dependent on reduced cooperative trait expression.
  • To explore the role of social costs and benefits in defining cheating.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model organism.
  • Examined two social traits: quorum sensing and siderophore production.
  • Analyzed cheating based on the social costs and benefits within varying environments.

Main Results:

  • Cheating is not solely determined by the reduced expression of a cooperative trait.
  • The social and abiotic environment dictates the costs and benefits associated with traits.
  • Whether a microbial strain is classified as a cheat is context-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • A nuanced definition of cheating, considering social costs and benefits, is essential.
  • Environmental context is a critical factor in the evolution and maintenance of cooperation and cheating.
  • Understanding context-dependent cheating is key to comprehending microbial social dynamics.