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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Mitral stenosis, a condition marked by the narrowing of the mitral valve, necessitates an integrated approach for effective management. This approach includes preventative measures, medical therapy, and surgical interventions to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.PreventionPrevention of mitral stenosis primarily focuses on reducing the incidence of bacterial infections, particularly streptococcal infections, which can lead to rheumatic fever and subsequent valvular damage. Timely...
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IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
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Mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by retrograde blood circulation from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to inadequate mitral valve closure. The severity of the condition, symptoms, and underlying cause determine treatment strategies.Monitoring and Pharmacological TreatmentPatients with mild to moderate MR typically do not need immediate intervention but regular monitoring to assess progression and guide treatment. Patients with mild MR should have an echocardiogram every 3-5...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

An Image Guided Transapical Mitral Valve Leaflet Puncture Model of Controlled Volume Overload from Mitral Regurgitation in the Rat
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Mitral valve with a single leaflet.

Tahir Bezgin1, Ali Elveran2, Ali Karagöz2

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Kartal Koşuyolu Heart Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey. bezgintahir3@yahoo.com.

Turk Kardiyoloji Dernegi Arsivi : Turk Kardiyoloji Derneginin Yayin Organidir
|February 1, 2014
PubMed
Summary

A rare congenital heart defect, unileaflet mitral valve, caused significant obstruction in a 45-year-old woman. Echocardiography confirmed the single mitral leaflet, and medication was used to manage symptoms.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Cardiac Imaging

Background:

  • Congenital anomalies of the mitral valve apparatus are uncommon.
  • Congenital mitral stenosis, atresia, accessory valvular tissue, and cleft mitral valve are more frequent.
  • Unileaflet mitral valves, involving partial or complete leaflet agenesis/hypoplasia, are exceptionally rare, with limited case reports.

Observation:

  • A 45-year-old nulliparous woman presented with chest discomfort and dyspnea on minimal exertion.
  • Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a unileaflet mitral valve.
  • Transesophageal two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography confirmed the anomaly.

Findings:

  • The unileaflet mitral valve resulted in significant obstruction of left ventricular outflow.
  • The patient experienced symptoms of chest discomfort and dyspnea on exertion.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the extreme rarity of unileaflet mitral valve anomaly.
  • Accurate diagnosis via advanced echocardiography (2D and 3D) is crucial.
  • Pharmacological management with metoprolol can be used to alleviate symptoms and obstruction.