Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

What are Carbohydrates?

What are Carbohydrates?

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO₂: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are an essential part of the diet in humans and animals. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates that provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods. The stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule represents carbohydrates. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. This...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Concise synthesis of simplified aogacillin analogs reveals innate reactivity and synergy with aminoglycosides.

Chemical science·2026

Same author

Active Chlorine Antiseptics in Wound Care: Recent Advances and Perspectives for Military Medicine.

APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica·2026

Same author

Leveraging the lipoprotein trafficking pathway for the development of novel antimicrobials.

RSC chemical biology·2026

Same author

SuperBola Cationic Biocides with an Extended Bolaamphiphilic Structure: How Much Is Too Much?

ACS infectious diseases·2026

Same author

Extending the architecture of bolaamphiphilic disinfectants: an investigation of octenidine and isooctenidine analogs.

RSC medicinal chemistry·2026

Same author

Topology-Aware Generation and Activity-Based Filtering: A Computational-Experimental Framework for Data-Scarce Quaternary Ammonium Compound Discovery.

Journal of chemical information and modeling·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates

One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates

Published on: January 15, 2018

A concise synthesis of carolacton.

Michal S Hallside¹, Richard S Brzozowski, William M Wuest

¹Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.

Organic Letters

|February 4, 2014

Summary

Researchers synthesized carolacton, a natural product impacting Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Early-stage compounds showed effects on biofilms, suggesting further structure-function studies are needed for this myxobacterial compound.

More Related Videos

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals

Published on: April 19, 2019

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab

Published on: August 6, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 3, 2026

One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates

One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates

Published on: January 15, 2018

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals

Published on: April 19, 2019

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab

Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab

Published on: August 6, 2018

Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Microbiology
Natural Products Chemistry

Background:

Streptococcus mutans biofilms contribute to dental caries.
Carolacton is a myxobacterial natural product with known effects on S. mutans.
Understanding carolacton's biological activity is crucial for developing new anti-biofilm strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize carolacton, a complex myxobacterial natural product.
To evaluate the impact of carolacton and its synthetic intermediates on Streptococcus mutans biofilms.
To explore the structure-activity relationships of carolacton.

Main Methods:

Total synthesis of carolacton utilizing an Evans β-ketoimide precursor.
A 14-step longest linear sequence was employed for the synthesis.
Preliminary in vitro assays were conducted to assess the effects of late-stage synthetic intermediates on S. mutans biofilms.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of carolacton was achieved.
Several late-stage intermediates demonstrated preliminary effects on S. mutans biofilms.
The synthetic route provides access to carolacton analogs for further study.

Conclusions:

The total synthesis of carolacton provides a valuable tool for biological evaluation.
Preliminary data indicate that specific structural features of carolacton are important for its anti-biofilm activity.
Further investigation into carolacton's structure-function relationships is warranted to optimize its anti-biofilm potential.