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Environmental performance of green building code and certification systems.

Sangwon Suh1, Shivira Tomar, Matthew Leighton

  • 1Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106-5131, United States.

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Summary
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Green building codes like LEED, ASHRAE 189.1, and IgCC reduce environmental impacts by an average of 14%. These systems significantly cut greenhouse gases and energy use, though ozone depletion and land use impacts remain unchanged.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Building Science
  • Sustainability

Background:

  • Green Building Code and Certification (GBCC) systems aim to reduce the environmental footprint of buildings.
  • Assessing the life-cycle environmental impact of buildings is crucial for sustainable development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the potential life-cycle environmental impact reduction offered by three prominent GBCC systems: LEED, ASHRAE 189.1, and IgCC.
  • To compare the environmental performance of buildings compliant with these GBCC standards against a baseline model.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a whole-building life cycle assessment (LCA) database from NIST.
  • Applied TRACI 2.0 (Toxics Release Inventory Analysis) from the EPA for life cycle impact assessment (LCIA).
  • Modeled a prototype building specification developed by NREL.

Main Results:

  • The baseline building model generated approximately 18,000 metric tons CO2-equiv. of greenhouse gases (GHGs), consumed 6 TJ of primary energy, and used 328 million liters of water over its life cycle.
  • GBCC-compliant models demonstrated a 0% to 25% reduction in overall environmental impacts compared to the baseline, with an average reduction of 14%.
  • Significant reductions were observed in acidification (25%), human health-respiratory impacts (24%), and global warming (22%). No reductions were found for ozone layer depletion and land use.

Conclusions:

  • The three evaluated GBCC systems (LEED, ASHRAE 189.1, IgCC) showed comparable performance in reducing life-cycle environmental impacts.
  • The study highlights the effectiveness of GBCCs in mitigating key environmental burdens, particularly GHGs and energy consumption.
  • Sensitivity analysis indicated that results are robust but influenced by occupancy-phase behavioral parameters like transportation and electricity consumption.