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Related Concept Videos

Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients01:14

Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients

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The distribution law or Nernst's distribution law is the law that governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law, also known as the partition law, states that if a solute is added to the mixture of two immiscible solvents at a constant temperature, the solute is distributed between the two solvents in such a way that the ratio of solute concentrations in the solvents remains constant at equilibrium.
For extracting a solute from an aqueous phase into an...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Carrier Generation and Recombination01:22

Carrier Generation and Recombination

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Carrier generation is the process by which electron-hole pairs (EHPs) are created within the semiconductor. In direct-bandgap semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), this occurs efficiently when energy absorption prompts valence electrons to leap into the conduction band, leaving behind holes.
This process is given by the generation rate G and is efficient due to the conservation of momentum between the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum.
Indirect generation involves an...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Fast Decoupled and DC Powerflow01:24

Fast Decoupled and DC Powerflow

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The fast decoupled power flow method addresses contingencies in power system operations, such as generator outages or transmission line failures. This method provides quick power flow solutions, essential for real-time system adjustments. Fast decoupled power flow algorithms simplify the Jacobian matrix by neglecting certain elements, leading to two sets of decoupled equations:
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Work-energy Theorem01:41

Work-energy Theorem

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According to Newton’s second law of motion, the sum of all the forces acting on a particle (net force) determines the rate of change in the momentum of the particle (motion). Therefore, we should consider the work done by all forces acting on a particle, or the net work, to see its effect on the particle’s motion.
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Related Experiment Videos

Entanglement generation is not necessary for optimal work extraction.

Karen V Hovhannisyan1, Martí Perarnau-Llobet1, Marcus Huber2

  • 1ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.

Physical Review Letters
|February 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Extracting work from quantum systems can be done without entanglement, though it may take longer. Faster work extraction methods generate multipartite entanglement, suggesting a link between entanglement and work extraction power.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Quantum thermodynamics
  • Quantum information theory
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Work extraction from quantum systems is a key concept in quantum thermodynamics.
  • Extracting work often requires unitary operations, which can lead to entanglement.
  • Passive states in quantum systems cannot produce work without external intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate methods for reversible work extraction from identical quantum systems.
  • To determine if work can be extracted without generating quantum entanglement.
  • To quantify the relationship between entanglement and work extraction efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of work extraction from ensembles of passive quantum states.
  • Development of non-entangling work extraction protocols.
  • Quantitative analysis of entanglement generation in faster work extraction schemes.

Main Results:

  • Identical quantum systems can yield all extractable work without creating entanglement, albeit with potentially more operations.
  • Faster work extraction methods generically require generating multipartite entanglement.
  • A quantitative relationship is established between generated multipartite entanglement and extractable work.

Conclusions:

  • Complete work extraction is possible from passive quantum states without entanglement.
  • Entanglement generation is linked to the speed of work extraction.
  • The findings suggest a fundamental connection between quantum entanglement and the power of work extraction.