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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Visualization, Quantification, and Mapping of Immune Cell Populations in the Tumor Microenvironment
Published on: March 25, 2020
Sensitizing protective tumor microenvironments to antibody-mediated therapy
Christian P Pallasch1, Ilya Leskov2, Christian J Braun2
1Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany.
Chemotherapy can enhance antibody therapy by altering the tumor microenvironment. Cyclophosphamide induces cytokines that promote macrophage activity, improving the immune system's ability to eliminate leukemia cells.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Oncology
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Therapy-resistant microenvironments pose a significant challenge to treating disseminated cancers.
- Antibody-based therapies can be ineffective due to tumor microenvironment-mediated resistance.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate mechanisms of resistance to antibody therapy in B cell leukemia.
- To identify strategies to overcome therapy resistance by modulating the tumor microenvironment.
Main Methods:
- Utilized a humanized model of treatment-refractory B cell leukemia.
- Administered combination regimens of therapeutic antibodies and cyclophosphamide.
- Analyzed changes in the bone marrow tumor microenvironment and macrophage activity.
Main Results:
- Leukemia cell infiltration into the bone marrow creates a resistant microenvironment, hindering antibody-mediated clearance.
- Cyclophosphamide induces an acute secretory activating phenotype (ASAP) in tumor cells, releasing cytokines (CCL4, IL8, VEGF, TNFα).
- These released cytokines promote macrophage infiltration and enhance phagocytic activity in the bone marrow.
Conclusions:
- Combination chemoimmunotherapy, specifically with cyclophosphamide and therapeutic antibodies, can overcome resistance.
- Inducing stress-related cytokines can effectively engage the innate immune system for cancer cell removal.
- This strategy offers a potent approach to enhance targeted therapeutics by altering the tumor microenvironment.
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