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Updated: May 3, 2026

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An elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in multiple chemical sensitivity.

T M Dantoft1, J Elberling1, S Brix2

  • 1The Danish Research Centre for Chemical Sensitivities, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark.

Psychoneuroendocrinology
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PubMed
Summary

Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) patients show altered immune responses. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and specific Th2-associated cytokines suggest low-grade systemic inflammation in MCS individuals.

Keywords:
Case–control studiesCytokinesImmunological regulationMultiple chemical sensitivitySickness behavior

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) is a medically unexplained condition.
  • Its pathophysiology may involve immune system dysregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare plasma cytokine levels in Danish MCS patients versus healthy controls.
  • To investigate potential immune system involvement in MCS.

Main Methods:

  • Collected plasma from 150 MCS patients and 148 controls.
  • Measured 14 cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and allergen-specific IgE.
  • Administered questionnaires on MCS, psychological distress, and health status.

Main Results:

  • MCS patients had significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6.
  • Tumor necrosis factor-α was borderline significantly increased.
  • Interleukin-13 levels were significantly decreased in MCS patients.

Conclusions:

  • MCS individuals exhibit a unique immune mediator profile.
  • Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and altered Th2-associated cytokines suggest low-grade systemic inflammation.
  • The deviating Th2 response in MCS does not appear to involve IgE-mediated mechanisms.