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Related Concept Videos

Amines: Introduction01:07

Amines: Introduction

4.8K
Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia. They are formed by replacing one or more ammonia protons with alkyl or aryl groups. Depending upon the number of organyl groups bonded to nitrogen, amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary amines have one organyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, while secondary and tertiary amines have two and three organyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, respectively.
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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs01:15

Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs

1.3K
Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
1.3K
Basicity of Aliphatic Amines01:21

Basicity of Aliphatic Amines

6.3K
Amines can behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases by accepting a proton from the acid to form corresponding conjugate acids. Due to a lone pair of nonbonding electrons, aliphatic amines can also act as Lewis bases by forming a covalent bond with an electrophile.
To measure the basicity of amines, two conventions are generally used. The first defines Kb as the basicity constant for the deprotonation reaction of water by the amine, as presented in Figure 1. Conventionally, lower Kb indicates...
6.3K
Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria01:07

Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria

736
Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
The formation constant, K1, for the formation of Cd(NH3)2+ complex from cadmium and ammonia is 3.55 × 102. Log K1 (i.e. pNH3) is 2.55, and...
736
Basicity of Aromatic Amines01:18

Basicity of Aromatic Amines

7.7K
The basicity of aromatic amines is much weaker than that of aliphatic amines due to the involvement of the lone pair of electrons over the N atom in resonance with the aryl rings. Generally, the electron-donating ability of any substituents on the aryl ring of aromatic amines increases the basicity of the amine by increasing electron density, and hence the availability of lone pair on the nitrogen. On the other hand, electron-withdrawing functional groups on the aryl ring of amines decrease the...
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Can ammonia tolerance amongst lichen functional groups be explained by physiological responses?

S Munzi1, C Cruz1, C Branquinho1

  • 1Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.

Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
|February 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Ammonia (NH3) critical levels for Europe need re-evaluation. Nitrogen-sensitive lichens show adverse effects, while nitrogen-tolerant species may benefit from indirect nitrogen enrichment.

Keywords:
Critical levelsEnvironmental protection policyEvernia prunastriNitrogenXanthoria parietina

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Environmental Science
  • Plant Physiology

Background:

  • European ammonia (NH3) critical levels were last updated in 2009, primarily using lichen ecological data.
  • Previous assessments overlooked physiological differences between nitrogen-sensitive (oligotrophic) and nitrogen-tolerant (nitrophytic) lichen species.
  • This study investigates the differential responses of two lichen species to ammonia exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the physiological responses of a nitrogen-sensitive lichen (Evernia prunastri) and a nitrogen-tolerant lichen (Xanthoria parietina) to ammonia exposure.
  • To assess the frequency of these species along an ammonia field gradient.
  • To inform the re-evaluation of critical ammonia levels for European ecosystems.

Main Methods:

  • Measured the physiological response (Fv/Fm, a measure of photosystem II efficiency) of E. prunastri and X. parietina to short-term ammonia (NH3) exposure.
  • Quantified the frequency of occurrence of both lichen species along a gradient of ambient NH3 concentrations.
  • Correlated physiological data and species frequency with measured NH3 levels.

Main Results:

  • Evernia prunastri showed decreased frequency and photosynthetic performance (Fv/Fm) above 3 μg m⁻³ NH3, indicating direct negative impacts.
  • Xanthoria parietina increased in frequency with rising NH3 levels, despite reduced photosystem II capacity above 50 μg m⁻³ NH3.
  • The ecological success of X. parietina in ammonia-rich areas may be due to indirect benefits of nitrogen availability rather than direct tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Current ammonia critical levels for Europe may not adequately protect nitrogen-sensitive lichen species.
  • Oligotrophic lichen species, like E. prunastri, are more sensitive indicators of adverse ammonia effects.
  • Future critical level assessments should prioritize data from nitrogen-sensitive, oligotrophic species to ensure ecosystem protection.