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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm
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Affective touch modulates the rubber hand illusion.

Haike E van Stralen1, Martine J E van Zandvoort2, Sylco S Hoppenbrouwers3

  • 1Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Cognition
|February 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pleasant touch, especially when applied at low velocities to hairy skin, enhances the sense of body ownership. This finding suggests that C tactile fibers play a role in how we perceive our bodies.

Keywords:
Body representationInsulaPleasantSomatoparaphreniaTouchct-Fiber

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Somatosensation
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Pleasant touch, occurring at specific velocities (1-10cm/s), is linked to affective experiences.
  • This sensation is believed to be transmitted via un-myelinated C tactile fibers on hairy skin.
  • Pleasant touch may offer unique bodily signals, potentially influencing self-perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if pleasant touch has a greater impact on body ownership than regular touch.
  • To measure the effect of pleasant touch on the rubber hand illusion (RHI).

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments utilized the rubber hand illusion (RHI) paradigm.
  • Experiment 1 varied stroking velocity (3cm/s, 30cm/s) and material (soft/rough).
  • Experiment 2 included an additional velocity (0.3cm/s) and tested hairy versus glabrous skin stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Low-velocity (3cm/s) stroking with soft material yielded the most pleasant sensations and enhanced RHI.
  • Higher RHI, indicated by proprioceptive drift, was confirmed for 3cm/s stroking.
  • Pleasant touch on hairy skin significantly increased proprioceptive drift, unlike on glabrous skin.

Conclusions:

  • Pleasant touch demonstrably modulates body representation, evidenced by increased proprioceptive drift.
  • The findings strongly implicate C tactile fibers in the neural mechanisms underlying body ownership.