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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

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Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
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Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

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When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...
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Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
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Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

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The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia
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Tricks in dystonia: ordering the complexity.

Vesper Fe Marie Llaneza Ramos1, Barbara I Karp2, Mark Hallett1

  • 1Human Motor Control, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
|February 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Sensory tricks are simple maneuvers that can help manage dystonia symptoms. Research suggests these tricks may reduce abnormal brain activity, offering a potential self-management strategy for patients.

Keywords:
DystoniaMotor ControlMovement DisordersNeurophysiology, Motor

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Sensory tricks are known to alleviate dystonia symptoms.
  • The underlying neurophysiologic mechanisms of sensory tricks remain largely unknown.
  • Existing knowledge focuses on common characteristics, but the variety and specific triggers are diverse.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and classify the diverse forms of sensory tricks for dystonia.
  • To explore research findings and theories explaining the neurophysiologic basis of sensory tricks.
  • To propose a novel classification and a neurophysiologic model for sensory trick efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies on sensory tricks, including variants like motor, imaginary, and reverse tricks.
  • Analysis of existing research on the nature, characteristics, and proposed mechanisms of sensory tricks.
  • Synthesis of neurophysiologic evidence to formulate a hypothesis on how sensory tricks function.

Main Results:

  • Identified a wide variety of sensory tricks, challenging the notion that sensory stimulation is always the critical factor.
  • Proposed a new classification system encompassing various forms and variants of sensory tricks.
  • Highlighted neurophysiologic evidence indicating that sensory tricks reduce abnormal facilitation in the brain.

Conclusions:

  • Sensory tricks likely function by decreasing excessive neural facilitation, a key aspect of dystonia pathogenesis.
  • The findings support the hypothesis that sensory tricks help rebalance facilitation-to-inhibition ratios in the dystonic brain.
  • Patients are encouraged to explore and identify personal sensory tricks for managing dystonia.