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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.6K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.3K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

17.1K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers
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Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers

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Transmembrane ionic transport systems and hypertension.

M Lazdunski1

  • 1Centre de Biochimie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nice, France.

The American Journal of Medicine
|January 29, 1988
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intracellular calcium is regulated by key systems including channels and exchangers. Understanding these calcium regulation mechanisms is crucial for hypertension pathophysiology and treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Cardiovascular Research

Background:

  • Intracellular calcium homeostasis is critical for cellular function.
  • Dysregulation of calcium signaling is implicated in various diseases, including hypertension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the primary systems regulating intracellular calcium.
  • To discuss the role of these systems in hypertension.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding these mechanisms for therapeutic interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of key calcium regulatory systems.
  • Analysis of the interplay between sodium and calcium.
  • Examination of calcium channels and pumps.
  • Discussion of regulatory agonists.

Main Results:

  • Identified four major systems regulating intracellular calcium: voltage-dependent calcium channels, sodium/calcium exchange, plasma membrane calcium ATPase, and inositol triphosphate-regulated channels.
  • Highlighted the correlation between intracellular sodium and calcium levels.
  • Described the pharmacologic properties and agonist regulation of these systems.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the diverse systems governing intracellular calcium is essential for comprehending hypertension.
  • Pharmacologic modulation of these calcium regulatory pathways offers potential therapeutic strategies for hypertension.