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Related Concept Videos

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

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Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
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Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

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Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to...
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Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma with antiviral therapy.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Dual-phase Cone-beam Computed Tomography to See, Reach, and Treat Hepatocellular Carcinoma during Drug-eluting Beads Transarterial Chemo-embolization
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NIH conference. Hepatocellular carcinoma.

A M Di Bisceglie, V K Rustgi, J H Hoofnagle

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    Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a frequent global cancer, has a poor prognosis, often diagnosed late. Hepatitis B virus infection significantly increases HCC risk, with surgical resection being the primary curative option for early-stage tumors.

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    Area of Science:

    • Hepatology
    • Oncology
    • Virology

    Background:

    • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death globally, particularly in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
    • HCC typically presents at advanced stages, leading to a poor patient prognosis.
    • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for HCC development.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To summarize the current understanding of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
    • To highlight the significant role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in HCC pathogenesis.
    • To emphasize the importance of early detection and surgical intervention for HCC.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical management.
    • Analysis of the etiological link between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and HCC.
    • Evaluation of current diagnostic screening methods and therapeutic outcomes.

    Main Results:

    • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers exhibit a 94-fold increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
    • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA integration into the host genome is observed in many HCC cases.
    • Current screening involves serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and liver ultrasound for high-risk individuals.

    Conclusions:

    • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a significant global health challenge with limited effective treatments.
    • Early detection through screening programs is crucial for improving outcomes.
    • Surgical resection offers the best chance of cure for small, asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors.