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Related Concept Videos

Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity01:25

Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity

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Drugs exert their therapeutic effects by interacting with receptors, enzymes, or ion channels that are present throughout the human body. The strength and duration of the interaction between a drug and its target receptor are characterized by the selectivity and specificity of the drug. Selectivity refers to a drug's strong preference for its intended target over other targets. For instance, isoprenaline, a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist, interacts with both β1- and...
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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes01:07

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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
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Enzyme Inhibition01:30

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Inhibitors are molecules that reduce enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme. In a normally functioning cell, enzymes are regulated by a variety of inhibitors. Drugs and other toxins can also inhibit enzymes. Some inhibitors bind to the enzyme’s active site, while others inhibit enzymatic activity by binding to other sites on the protein structure.
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Enzyme Kinetics01:19

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Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
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Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of biochemical reactions. Scientists monitor the reaction rates for a particular enzymatic reaction at various substrate concentrations. Additional trials with inhibitors or other molecules that affect the reaction rate may also be performed.
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Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
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Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates

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Relative specificity: all substrates are not created equal.

Yan Zeng1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.

Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics
|February 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biological molecules exhibit relative specificity, interacting differently with various partners. This property is crucial for physiological functions and the complexity of life, impacting disease processes.

Keywords:
Biochemical activityBiological systemsRelative specificitySubstrates

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Biological molecules, like enzymes, interact with multiple substrates or targets.
  • This differential interaction is known as relative specificity.
  • Relative specificity's role in complex biological systems is under-explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent large-scale studies on relative specificity.
  • To explore the role of relative specificity in diverse biological processes.
  • To highlight the implications of relative specificity in disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent large-scale studies.
  • Analysis of research in protein folding, signal transduction, RNA binding, translation, and transcription.

Main Results:

  • Relative specificity plays a pervasive role across various biological processes.
  • Evidence supports its fundamental contribution to biological diversity and complexity.
  • The concept has significant implications for understanding disease.

Conclusions:

  • Relative specificity is a fundamental property of biological systems.
  • It drives biological diversity and complexity.
  • Understanding relative specificity is key for disease research.