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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

1.0K
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
1.0K
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

1.0K
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
1.0K
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

1.1K
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
1.1K
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

1.7K
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
1.7K
Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action01:23

Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action

4.4K
Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
Local anesthetics are amphiphilic molecules consisting of a hydrophobic aromatic part linked to a hydrophilic group by an ester or amide linkage. They are weak bases and are usually available as salts, which increases their solubility and stability. Once administered, LAs exist in the body either...
4.4K
Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

1.5K
The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
1.5K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Adaptation of Microelectrode Array Technology for the Study of Anesthesia-induced Neurotoxicity in the Intact Piglet Brain
08:23

Adaptation of Microelectrode Array Technology for the Study of Anesthesia-induced Neurotoxicity in the Intact Piglet Brain

Published on: May 12, 2018

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Anesthetic neurotoxicity.

Erica P Lin1, Sulpicio G Soriano2, Andreas W Loepke1

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 2001, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.

Anesthesiology Clinics
|February 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Common sedatives and anesthetics may harm the developing brain, causing neuronal cell death and cognitive deficits in animals and humans. Further research is needed to understand these risks in pediatric patients.

Keywords:
AnesthesiaAnestheticsInfantLearning impairmentNeurodegenerationNeurotoxicity

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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • Routine sedatives and anesthetics exhibit neurotoxicity across various animal models, including primates.
  • Observed effects include apoptotic neuronal cell death, learning deficits, and memory impairment.
  • Human neonatal studies indicate abnormal neurodevelopmental outcomes following early-life surgical procedures requiring anesthesia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current animal and human data on the impact of sedatives and anesthetics on the developing brain.
  • To synthesize findings on neurotoxic effects and neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of animal experimental data on sedative and anesthetic neurotoxicity.
  • Analysis of human cohort studies on neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates.

Main Results:

  • Animal studies show apoptotic neuronal cell death and cognitive deficits.
  • Human studies link early-life anesthesia exposure to abnormal neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Sedatives and anesthetics pose potential neurotoxic risks to the developing brain.
  • Evidence from animal and human studies warrants further investigation into anesthetic safety in pediatric populations.