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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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In Vivo Augmentation of Gut-Homing Regulatory T Cell Induction
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VIP contribution to the decidualization program: regulatory T cell recruitment.

Esteban Grasso1, Daniel Paparini, Mariana Agüero

  • 1Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIBICEN- CONICET (National Research Council of Science and Technology), Int. Guiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2 Piso 4, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

The Journal of Endocrinology
|February 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) aids uterine lining renewal during early pregnancy by promoting decidualization and recruiting regulatory T cells (iTregs). This process involves increasing RANTES expression, crucial for immune tolerance during implantation.

Keywords:
VIPdecidualizationearly pregnancyhuman endometrial stromal cells

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive immunology
  • Maternal-fetal interface immunology

Background:

  • Early pregnancy involves uterine remodeling, leukocyte invasion, and cytokine production.
  • Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) from trophoblast cells promotes maternal immune tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate VIP/VPAC's role in endometrial renewal, decidualization, and regulatory T cell (iTreg) recruitment.
  • To understand VIP's contribution to the maternal immune response during implantation.

Main Methods:

  • Used an in vitro decidualization model with human endometrial stromal cells (HESC).
  • Stimulated HESC with progesterone (P4) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  • Differentiated human iTregs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Main Results:

  • VIP and VPAC1 are constitutively expressed in HESCs; P4 increased VIP expression.
  • VIP induced RANTES (CCL5) expression in HESC, enhanced by P4 and LPS.
  • VIP and RANTES mediated iTreg migration towards HESC, blocked by VIP antagonist or anti-RANTES antibody.

Conclusions:

  • VIP plays an active role in decidualization and iTreg recruitment.
  • VIP increases RANTES expression in a P4-dependent manner, facilitating iTreg migration to the endometrium.