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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Poorly differentiated thyroid cancer.

Kepal N Patel1, Ashok R Shaha

  • 1aDivision of Endocrine Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center bHead and Neck Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
|February 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTCs) are aggressive tumors requiring specific diagnostic and treatment strategies. This review clarifies their unique characteristics and management approaches for better patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTCs) represent a heterogeneous group of thyroid tumors.
  • They exhibit intermediate aggressiveness between well-differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers.
  • PDTCs possess distinct biological behavior, justifying their classification as a separate entity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current diagnostic and therapeutic tools for managing PDTCs.
  • To provide a practical, daily practice-oriented overview of PDTCs.
  • To clarify the classification and management of these challenging tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for PDTCs.
  • Analysis of morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic findings.
  • Evaluation of clinical management strategies.

Main Results:

  • Diagnostic criteria for PDTCs have been controversial, complicating literature interpretation.
  • Clinical features alone are insufficient for accurate PDTC diagnosis.
  • Histocytology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular genetics are crucial for diagnosis.
  • PDTCs demonstrate increased recurrence and decreased survival rates, necessitating multimodality treatment.

Conclusions:

  • A clear understanding of PDTCs' unique characteristics is essential for effective management.
  • Multimodality treatment approaches are required due to PDTCs' aggressiveness.
  • This review offers practical insights into the diagnosis and treatment of PDTCs.