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Related Concept Videos

Breathing01:05

Breathing

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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...
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Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

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Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
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Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus

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Restrictive lung disease in pregnancy.

Stephen E Lapinsky1, Carolyn Tram2, Sangeeta Mehta2

  • 1ICU and the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.

Chest
|February 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Pregnancy with restrictive lung disease is rare but manageable. While maternal and neonatal mortality were absent, many women experienced premature delivery, necessitating careful multidisciplinary care.

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Obstetrics
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Restrictive lung disease during pregnancy is uncommon.
  • This study examines outcomes in 15 pregnancies across 12 women with conditions like kyphoscoliosis, neuromuscular disease, or parenchymal lung disease.

Observation:

  • Median forced vital capacity (FVC) was 40% predicted, with half of the women having an FVC below 1.0 L.
  • Pulmonary function remained largely stable, though some required supplemental oxygen or noninvasive ventilation.
  • Pregnancy outcomes included a high rate of premature delivery (60%) and cesarean sections (67%).

Findings:

  • Women with restrictive lung disease generally tolerate pregnancy well, with stable spirometry in most cases.
  • Despite no reported maternal or neonatal mortality, premature delivery was a significant complication.
  • Neuraxial anesthesia was feasible in most cases, though challenging in some due to spinal anatomy.

Implications:

  • A multidisciplinary approach is crucial for managing pregnant women with restrictive lung disease.
  • Close monitoring of spirometry and oxygenation is essential throughout pregnancy.
  • Proactive planning for labor and delivery is vital to optimize outcomes for both mother and child.