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Related Concept Videos

Amyloid Fibrils03:03

Amyloid Fibrils

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Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
Amyloid deposits were observed as early as 1639 in the liver and the spleen.   In 1854, Rudolph Virchow performed iodine staining,...
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Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

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Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and...
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Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Detecting Amyloid-β Accumulation via Immunofluorescent Staining in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
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[AL amyloidosis-associated factor X deficiency].

F Nanne Croles1, Charles H Beerenhout, André B Mulder

  • 1UMC Groningen, Groningen.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|February 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary

An acquired bleeding tendency can signal underlying disease. This case highlights factor X deficiency in amyloid light-chain amyloidosis as a rare cause of bleeding disorders.

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Acquired bleeding tendency is a clinical sign necessitating investigation for underlying pathologies.
  • Amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is a plasma cell dyscrasia that can manifest with diverse clinical symptoms.

Observation:

  • A 69-year-old patient presented with an acquired bleeding tendency.
  • The patient was diagnosed with factor X deficiency.
  • The factor X deficiency was attributed to underlying AL amyloidosis.

Findings:

  • Factor X deficiency in AL amyloidosis results from both reduced quantity and impaired function of factor X.
  • Factor X binds to amyloid fibrils present in the circulation.
  • This binding interaction leads to a consumptive coagulopathy.

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Implications:

  • Bleeding tendency is an uncommon but significant complication of AL amyloidosis.
  • Recognition of this association is crucial for timely diagnosis and management of AL amyloidosis.
  • Understanding the mechanism of factor X deficiency aids in patient care and potential therapeutic strategies.