Genetically encoded reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox indicators

Area of Science:

• Cellular Biology
• Biochemistry
• Biophysics

Background:

• Redox processes are vital regulators of cellular signaling pathways, bridging physiological functions and pathological conditions.
• Understanding intracellular redox changes requires precise measurement of their subcellular origin, distribution, and involved redox couples.
• Technological limitations have historically hindered specific and quantitative measurement of redox conditions with high spatio-temporal resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the development and characteristics of Genetically Encoded Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Redox Indicators (GERRIs).
• To highlight the potential of GERRIs for real-time, pseudo-quantitative monitoring of ROS and thiol redox states.
• To provide a guide to the main types of GERRIs, their origins, properties, advantages, and limitations.

Main Methods:

• Review of fluorescent protein-based imaging tools developed over the last decade.
• Analysis of genetically encoded indicators such as redox-sensitive fluorescent proteins (e.g., rxYFP, roGFP) and HyPer.
• Compilation of information on their application in various biological models.

Main Results:

• GERRIs offer a powerful approach for visualizing and quantifying redox dynamics in live cells and organisms.
• Specific probes like rxYFP, roGFP, and HyPer have demonstrated utility in diverse research settings.
• These indicators provide insights into the spatio-temporal regulation of redox signaling.

Conclusions:

• GERRIs represent a significant technological advancement for studying redox biology.
• Their application allows for a deeper understanding of the role of redox processes in cellular functions and diseases.
• Further exploration of GERRIs' characteristics and applications is essential for advancing the field.