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Modeling neck mobility in fossil turtles.

Ingmar Werneburg1, Juliane K Hinz, Michaela Gumpenberger

  • 1Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity, Berlin, Germany; Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.

Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution
|February 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The evolution of turtle neck retraction began with early turtles like Proganochelys quenstedti, which had simpler sideways head tucking. Modern turtles achieve greater mobility through complex neck bends and joint dislocation.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleontology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Comparative Anatomy

Background:

  • Turtles possess a unique ability to retract their heads and necks into their shells.
  • The evolutionary origins and development of this trait remain largely unexplored.
  • Understanding neck retraction evolution provides insights into early turtle adaptations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolution of neck retraction in turtles.
  • To analyze the neck mobility of basal and extant turtle species.
  • To reconstruct the head retraction mechanism of the early turtle Proganochelys quenstedti.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of radiographs and CT scans to assess neck mobility.
  • Morphometric analysis of skeletal structures.
  • Creation of a 3D model of Proganochelys quenstedti for functional reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • Basal turtles exhibited less neck mobility than extant species, but possessed the anatomical foundations for it.
  • Proganochelys quenstedti retracted its head sideways with a simple ventrolateral bend, unlike the double-bend of modern turtles.
  • The evolution of neck retraction coincided with the development of the turtle shell for protection.

Conclusions:

  • Early neck retraction was a simpler, sideways tucking mechanism.
  • The evolution of the turtle shell and neck retraction were closely linked.
  • Modern turtle hypermobility can involve joint dislocation, cautioning against assumptions in fossil reconstructions.