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Probiotics01:22

Probiotics

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Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic microorganisms that confer health benefits by modulating the gut microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex microbial ecosystem, and the balance of this microbiota is crucial for digestive and systemic health. Among the most extensively studied and utilized probiotics are species formerly classified within the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These organisms not only naturally colonize the human gut but are also consumed through...
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Immune system stimulation by probiotic microorganisms.

Rabia Ashraf1, Nagendra P Shah

  • 1a Faculty of Health Engineering and Science, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Victoria University , Werribee Campus, P.O. Box 14428 , Melbourne , Victoria , 8001 , Australia.

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
|February 7, 2014
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Probiotics stimulate the immune system by activating immune cells and releasing cytokines. Specific probiotic strains, like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, offer immunomodulation benefits, potentially preventing diseases and improving gut immunity.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Probiotic organisms are recognized for their potential to modulate the immune system.
  • Several specific strains, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis DR10, are extensively studied for their immunomodulatory effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which probiotics stimulate and modulate the immune system.
  • To highlight the impact of probiotic supplementation on immune parameters in infancy, pregnancy, and the gut.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing research on probiotic-induced immune stimulation.
  • Focuses on strain-specific and dose-dependent effects on immune cells and cytokines.
  • Examines effects across different life stages and delivery methods.

Main Results:

  • Probiotics enhance innate and adaptive immunity through macrophage, NK cell, and T-lymphocyte activation.
  • Probiotic administration influences cytokine profiles in a strain- and dose-dependent manner.
  • Infant and pregnancy supplementation impacts immune development and fetal parameters, while fermented milk improves gut mucosal immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Probiotics, particularly specific strains like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, can significantly modulate immune responses.
  • Early and prenatal probiotic interventions may offer protective effects against immune-mediated diseases.
  • Probiotics delivered through fermented foods can enhance gut mucosal immunity.