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Language and Cognition01:27

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
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Losing control of your languages: a case study.

Marco Calabria1, Paula Marne, Lucía Romero-Pinel

  • 1a Departament de Tecnologies de la Informació i les Comunicacions, Center for Brain and Cognition , Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona , Spain.

Cognitive Neuropsychology
|February 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain damage in bilinguals can cause pathological language switching. This study shows subcortical lesions impair language control, especially with verbs, and affect executive functions.

Keywords:
BilingualismNeuroinflammatory and progressive disease.Pathological language switching

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Bilingualism Research

Background:

  • Bilingual speakers typically manage language control effectively, suppressing intrusions from the non-target language.
  • Brain damage can disrupt these control mechanisms, leading to pathological language mixing (pLM) and pathological switching (pLS).

Observation:

  • This study examines a Catalan-Spanish bilingual (R.R.T.) with subcortical lesions and neuroinflammatory disease exhibiting pathological language switching (pLS).
  • Performance was assessed across various language production and control tasks, including picture naming, translation, blocked naming, and language switching.
  • Executive control (EC) tasks, such as task switching and flanker tasks, were also administered.

Findings:

  • Cross-language intrusions were more frequent when speaking the dominant language (Catalan) than the non-dominant (Spanish).
  • Subcortical damage appears to impair language output control in bilingual verbalization, particularly affecting verb processing.
  • R.R.T. demonstrated deficits in both task switching and the flanker task compared to controls.

Implications:

  • Findings suggest a link between subcortical damage and impaired language control in bilingual individuals.
  • The results contribute to understanding the neural basis of language control and executive functions in bilingualism.
  • This case highlights the impact of neurological conditions on complex cognitive abilities in bilingual speakers.