Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 3, 2026

06:31
Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose MED Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response
Published on: October 3, 2019
8.2K
Development and validation of the Comprehensive Indoor Tanning Expectations Scale
JAMA Dermatology
|February 7, 2014
Summary
A new scale, the Comprehensive Indoor Tanning Expectations (CITE) Scale, reliably measures young women's beliefs about indoor tanning. This tool helps understand motivations and deterrents to prevent skin cancer.
Area of Science:
- Dermatology
- Behavioral Science
- Public Health
Background:
- Indoor tanning is strongly linked to skin cancer.
- Understanding young women's beliefs about indoor tanning is vital for developing effective interventions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and validate a comprehensive, multidimensional, theory-based outcome expectations measure.
- To advance understanding of the beliefs underlying indoor tanning behavior in young women.
Main Methods:
- A cross-sectional, web-based survey was administered to 706 young women (aged 18-25) from sororities.
- Participants' intention to tan, frequency of indoor tanning, and tanner type were assessed.
- A new scale, the Comprehensive Indoor Tanning Expectations (CITE) Scale, was developed and validated.
Main Results:
- The CITE Scale identified 6 positive and 5 negative outcome expectation factors, demonstrating high reliability.
- Significant differences in outcome expectations were found across non-tanners, former tanners, and current tanners.
- Mood enhancement and psychological/physical discomfort were key differentiating factors, with current tanners holding more positive and fewer negative expectations.
Conclusions:
- The CITE Scale offers a reliable and valid measure of beliefs influencing indoor tanning behavior.
- Findings highlight the motivational and deterrent beliefs associated with indoor tanning.
- The scale can guide health communications aimed at preventing indoor tanning and reducing skin cancer risk.
Related Concept Videos
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model
423
The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
423
Sources of Self-Esteem I: Family Experience
263
Self-esteem, a crucial component of psychological development, is significantly shaped by familial experiences. The early parent-child relationship serves as a foundational influence on a child's self-concept, with long-lasting effects extending into adolescence and adulthood.Parental Behaviors and Early Self-Esteem FormationEmpirical studies have identified four principal parental behaviors that foster healthy self-esteem in children. These include expressions of acceptance, affection, and...
263
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification
4.7K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
4.7K
Data Validation
6.4K
Data validation is an essential part of a comprehensive assessment. Validation is confirming or verifying and opening the door to gathering more assessment data as it clarifies vague or unclear data. The process of checking and verifying the collected information is called data validation. The primary purpose of data validation is to ensure data is as free from error, bias, and misinterpretation as possible.
Nursing assessment guides are generally based on holistic models rather than medical...
Nursing assessment guides are generally based on holistic models rather than medical...
6.4K
Self-Report Tests of Personality
1.3K
Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
1.3K
Reliability and Validity
12.9K
Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
12.9K

