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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

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Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features...
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Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

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Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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Adrenal insufficiency.

Evangelia Charmandari1, Nicolas C Nicolaides1, George P Chrousos1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Lancet (London, England)
|February 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Adrenal insufficiency, a life-threatening condition of deficient cortisol, requires prompt diagnosis and management. This summary covers its causes, symptoms, and treatment for better patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Adrenal insufficiency involves deficient glucocorticoid production or action, potentially affecting mineralocorticoids and androgens.
  • It stems from primary adrenal failure or secondary hypothalamic-pituitary axis impairment.
  • This life-threatening disorder necessitates timely diagnosis and intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of adrenal insufficiency.
  • To summarize current knowledge on its epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical aspects.
  • To detail diagnostic and management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing knowledge.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, causal mechanisms, and pathophysiology.
  • Compilation of clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Adrenal insufficiency presents with varied clinical signs depending on the affected hormones and underlying cause.
  • Primary insufficiency involves all adrenocortical hormones, potentially with autoimmune comorbidities.
  • Secondary/tertiary insufficiency primarily results from glucocorticoid deficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis can be challenging, particularly in secondary or tertiary cases.
  • Understanding the multifaceted nature of adrenal insufficiency is crucial for effective management.
  • This review consolidates current knowledge for clinical application and further research.