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Related Concept Videos

Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation01:13

Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

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Insufficient sleep refers to not getting the recommended amount of sleep for optimal functioning, even if it's just slightly less than needed. Sleep insufficiency may occur due to lifestyle choices, such as staying up late for social events or work, resulting in routinely getting less sleep than required. For example, consistently sleeping 6 hours when the body needs 7-9 hours can lead to cumulative effects on health and well-being.
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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Insomnia01:27

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Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and waking up too early without being able to return to sleep. People with insomnia often experience these disruptions at least three nights a week for at least one month. Chronic insomnia, which lasts for at least three months, can lead to increased anxiety, which in turn can worsen sleep difficulties, creating a cycle of sleeplessness and stress.
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
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Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

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Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which...
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Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

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Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Human Circadian Phenotyping and Diurnal Performance Testing in the Real World
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Self-reported sleep patterns in a British population cohort.

Yue Leng1, Nick W J Wainwright1, Francesco P Cappuccio2

  • 1Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Sleep Medicine
|February 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Sleep duration and time in bed differ significantly, especially for women. Sleep proportion, a novel measure, may better indicate sleep patterns and health in the general population.

Keywords:
EnglandEpidemiologyPopulationSleep patternsSleep quantitySleep research

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Sleep Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Sleep patterns are crucial for health outcomes.
  • Limited data exists on sleep patterns in the British population.
  • The European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk study provides a valuable dataset.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe sleep characteristics in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort.
  • To compare measures of sleep quantity, focusing on sleep duration and time in bed (TIB).
  • To investigate factors associated with sleep proportion.

Main Methods:

  • 8480 participants (aged 45-90) reported sleep timing, duration, and difficulties (2006-2007).
  • Time in bed (TIB) calculated as difference between rise time and bedtime.
  • Sleep proportion defined as ratio of sleep duration to TIB.

Main Results:

  • Average TIB was over 1.5 hours longer than actual sleep duration.
  • Women reported longer TIB but shorter sleep duration and more difficulties than men.
  • Lower sleep proportion linked to being female, nonworking, older, widowed/separated/divorced, experiencing sleep difficulties, using sleep medication, lower education, poorer health, or major depressive disorder (MDD).

Conclusions:

  • Self-reported sleep duration and TIB have distinct health implications.
  • Sleep proportion offers a potentially more informative measure of sleep patterns in the general population.
  • Understanding these nuances is vital for public health initiatives.