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What is Matter?01:13

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The substance of the universe—from a grain of sand to a star—is called matter. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. An object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same. An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether that object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. An object’s weight, on the other hand, is its mass as affected by the pull of...
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States of Matter01:20

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Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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Sigmund Freud's model of the human psyche is often illustrated using an iceberg analogy. The iceberg's visible tip represents the conscious mind, which includes thoughts and perceptions that individuals are immediately aware of. However, the larger, submerged portion of the iceberg represents the unconscious mind, a reservoir of repressed desires, instincts, and memories. According to Freud, human behavior is primarily shaped by this hidden realm.
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Mind and matter.

Leon Freris1

  • 1Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology; Loughborough University; Leicestershire, UK.

Communicative & Integrative Biology
|February 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This viewpoint challenges current materialist explanations of evolution, suggesting an alternative perspective offers a more coherent account of how consciousness arises from non-living matter. Further study of cited references is recommended for a deeper understanding.

Keywords:
consciousnessemergenceevolutionmaterialismmind/bodypanpsychismquantum theoryreductionism

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Area of Science:

  • Philosophy of Science
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Consciousness Studies

Background:

  • A previous article discussed Darwinian evolution.
  • Further contemplation and engagement following the initial publication prompted a need for additional commentary.
  • The author lacks formal qualifications in biology or philosophy but presents a personal synthesis of ideas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critique existing materialist/reductionist explanations for the development of experiential qualities from inert matter.
  • To propose an alternative viewpoint that is more parsimonious and logically coherent.
  • To present a personal rearrangement and commentary on existing literature (References 2, 4, 5, 6).

Main Methods:

  • The article is a commentary and rearrangement of existing materials from cited references.
  • It does not present new empirical data but rather a conceptual synthesis and critique.

Main Results:

  • Current materialist/reductionist explanations for the origin of consciousness are deemed unconvincing.
  • An alternative perspective is presented as a more parsimonious and logically coherent explanation.
  • The author's personal journey informed the conclusions presented.

Conclusions:

  • The development of experiential qualities from inert matter requires a viewpoint beyond current materialist/reductionist frameworks.
  • An alternative, more parsimonious, and logically coherent account is proposed.
  • Readers are encouraged to consult the provided references for a more thorough exposition.