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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

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Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ...
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Dementia l: Introduction01:22

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Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
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Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

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Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and...
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Dementia01:30

Dementia

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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual....
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Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Alzheimer--certitudes and hypotheses.

Ioana Cristina Amihăesei1, Elena Cojocarut1, O C Mungiu2

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Alzheimer's disease is a progressive cognitive condition affecting millions. Current treatments offer only temporary symptom relief, highlighting the need for better diagnostic methods and effective therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, irreversible neurodegenerative condition impacting cognitive functions, first described in 1907.
  • AD is a leading cause of dementia, with an estimated 35.6 million cases globally in 2010, characterized by amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss.
  • The neuropathology of AD presents paradoxes, including the presence of AD lesions in healthy individuals and incomplete lesion sets in diagnosed cases, complicating definitive diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of Alzheimer's disease, including its historical context, neuropathological hallmarks, and diagnostic challenges.
  • To discuss the complexities in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease, given the variability in lesion presentation and the limitations of clinical criteria.
  • To explore ongoing research and therapeutic strategies aimed at developing effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical and contemporary research on Alzheimer's disease.
  • Analysis of neuropathological findings and their correlation with clinical diagnosis.
  • Examination of current and experimental therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer's disease.

Main Results:

  • Alzheimer's disease is characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, but these lesions are not exclusive to AD patients.
  • Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease can be uncertain, with significant percentages of misdiagnosis and overlap with other dementias or normal aging.
  • Current medications for Alzheimer's disease provide only symptomatic relief, underscoring the need for disease-modifying treatments.

Conclusions:

  • The diagnosis and understanding of Alzheimer's disease remain challenging due to atypical presentations and the limitations of current diagnostic tools.
  • The development of effective treatments is hindered by the complex pathophysiology and potential misdiagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Further research is crucial for accurate diagnosis, understanding the underlying biological processes, and developing effective therapies for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.