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Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:27

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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
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Brain Imaging01:14

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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System IV: CMRI01:21

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Overview01:07

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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a phenomenon exhibited by certain nuclei that can absorb characteristic radio frequency radiation under certain conditions. NMR has been extensively applied in molecular spectroscopy and medical diagnostic imaging. In both these applications, the molecule or subject under study is placed in a magnetic field and irradiated with radio frequency energy.
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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis at 7.0 Tesla
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Insights from magnetic resonance imaging.

Massimo Filippi1, Arnaud Charil1, Marco Rovaris1

  • 1Neuroimaging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|February 11, 2014
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Summary

Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques offer superior insights into multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology compared to conventional MRI (cMRI). These quantitative methods enhance understanding of MS disease mechanisms and progression.

Keywords:
MRIMagnetic resonance imagingdiffusion tensor imagingfunctional MRIhigh-field MRImagnetic resonance spectroscopymagnetization transfer imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Conventional MRI (cMRI) is vital for diagnosing and monitoring multiple sclerosis (MS), offering objective measures sensitive to disease changes.
  • However, cMRI has limitations in characterizing the complex pathology of MS, leading to weak correlations with clinical symptoms.
  • Quantitative MRI techniques show promise in overcoming these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the advancements and potential of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques in assessing multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • To highlight how these advanced MRI methods can elucidate MS-related injury, repair, and adaptation mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of conventional MRI (cMRI) and advanced quantitative MRI techniques.
  • Specific quantitative techniques discussed include Magnetization Transfer MRI, diffusion-weighted and diffusion tensor MRI with fiber tractography, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, T1 and T2 relaxation time measurement, and functional MRI.
  • Emphasis on the benefits of high-field MR systems (3.0T or higher) for all MRI techniques.

Main Results:

  • Quantitative MRI techniques offer enhanced characterization and quantification of MS pathology compared to cMRI.
  • These methods provide deeper insights into the underlying mechanisms of injury, repair, and functional adaptation in MS.
  • High-field MRI systems significantly improve the utility of both conventional and quantitative techniques.

Conclusions:

  • Quantitative MRI techniques are crucial for overcoming the limitations of cMRI in understanding MS.
  • These advanced imaging methods are essential for a comprehensive assessment of MS, aiding in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring.
  • Future research and clinical applications should leverage high-field MRI systems for optimal results.