Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

20
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
20
Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

2.0K
Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
2.0K
Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

19.0K
Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
19.0K
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

159
Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
159
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

138
The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
138
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

12.6K
Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
12.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Disease outcomes with ublituximab in treatment-naïve participants: subpopulation analyses of the phase 3 ULTIMATE I and II studies in participants with relapsing multiple sclerosis.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Progression to Wheelchair in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and Impact of Siponimod: Post Hoc Analyses From the EXPAND Study.

European journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Efficacy of Inebilizumab in N-MOmentum Trial Participants With or Without Prior Immunosuppressants.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology·2026
Same author

Diagnostic performance of central vein sign and paramagnetic rim lesion integration for multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)·2026
Same author

Reply to "Comparative Safety Profiles of Ocrelizumab and Rituximab in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Using Real-World Evidence".

Annals of neurology·2026
Same author

Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Activity After Ozanimod Discontinuation in DAYBREAK Trial Participants.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology·2026
Same journal

Preface.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Foreword.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Fundus autofluorescence imaging.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

The electroretinogram as a means to study the physiology of the retina.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Modeling the human retina in a dish: Advances and future directions.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice
05:44

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice

Published on: October 13, 2023

2.6K

Multiple sclerosis genetics.

Bruce A C Cree1

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|February 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heredity significantly influences multiple sclerosis (MS) risk, with over 200 genes identified. Genetic variants in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and vitamin D pathways are key factors in MS susceptibility.

Keywords:
Chromosome 6DRB1*1501HLAcomplex inheritancedisease coursegenetic basisgeneticsgenome-wide associationlinkagemajor histocompatibility complexrelapsing remittingtwin studies

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Novel Assay for Studying B-Cell Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Research
05:55

Author Spotlight: Novel Assay for Studying B-Cell Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Research

Published on: December 1, 2023

1.4K
Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

29.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice
05:44

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice

Published on: October 13, 2023

2.6K
Author Spotlight: Novel Assay for Studying B-Cell Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Research
05:55

Author Spotlight: Novel Assay for Studying B-Cell Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Research

Published on: December 1, 2023

1.4K
Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

29.4K

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Immunology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Familial aggregation and twin studies confirm a strong hereditary component in multiple sclerosis (MS) risk.
  • Immunologic studies and gene-mapping pinpointed the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) as the primary MS susceptibility locus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize the genetic factors contributing to multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility.
  • To investigate the role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and other genetic variants in MS pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of leukocyte antigens and gene-mapping techniques.
  • Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify common genetic variants.
  • Identification of rare risk alleles in familial studies.

Main Results:

  • The HLA-DRB1*15 allele is the primary MS risk allele, with other MHC genes also contributing.
  • Over 50 additional common gene variants across the genome identified, with an estimated 200 genes involved in MS susceptibility.
  • Genetic variants in the vitamin D metabolic pathway identified as both environmental and genetic risk factors.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple genetic factors, including common and rare variants, significantly influence MS susceptibility.
  • The interplay of immunologic genes and the vitamin D metabolic pathway is crucial in MS pathogenesis.
  • Further research is needed to understand the network interactions of genetic risk alleles in MS.